All You Need To Know About Torts of Nuisance and False Imprisonment

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All You Need To Know About Torts of Nuisance and False Imprisonment TORT OF NUISANCEINTRODUCTIONThis tort is basically based on annoyance. Nuisance refers to any kind of unlawful interference in the person’s legal right to peaceful enjoyment of the land. Such interference could be by unwanted noise, smoke, smell, water, excavations etc. ​​ Never confuse Nuisance with trespass because in trespass, a direct physical interference on the land possessed by the plaintiff through some tangible​​ object and it is the interference with the possession whereas in nuisance, the interference is with the peaceful enjoyment of land. ​​ Nuisance can be made through intangible things gas, electricity, fumes etc.​​ Nuisance is of two types:Public Nuisance​​ Private NuisancePUBLIC NUISANCEPublic nuisance refers to the interference with the rights of public as a whole or annoyance to public in general and is punishable​​ as an offence.​​ The basic nature between public nuisance and private nuisance is the nature of wrong. Public nuisance is the criminal wrong and private nuisance is civil wrong. When someone​​ suffers any additional or special damage in addition to what was inflicted upon the public as a whole, such person can claim damages by filing a civil suit but he will have to prove that he suffered special damage over and above the public in general. ​​ Example: Obstructing a public road.PRIVATE NUISANCEAs already stated, private nuisance is a civil wrong. It basically refers to the Unreasonable interference with the enjoyment of land resulting in some injury. Therefore, the essentials to be proved to prove Private Nuisance are:​​ The interference must be unreasonable.Every interference cannot be assumed to be unreasonable. ​​ To balance everyone’s right, some kind of noise, smell etc. has to be tolerated by everyone and such interference will not give rise to any kind of Cause of Action to file a civil suit. A cause of action will only arise when the interference is actually unreasonable. Also, an isolated act of nuisance is not actionable, the nuisance must be a continuing wrong.​​ Also, what is otherwise reasonable, will not become unreasonable because of the sensitiveness of the plaintiff.​​ The intention is irrelevant in the case of Nuisance but you have to prove that you have suffered some damage.Interference with Peaceful EnjoymentThis has to be proved that it was the defendant’s conduct that resulted in interference with the peaceful enjoyment of the land. The intention to cause any such interference may or may not be there. But it must be proved that such​​ interference​​ must have caused some damage to the person or the property of the plaintiff.DamageThis is the most important part of the Nuisance that is to be proved in the court of Law. The malice is irrelevant but the damage caused is relevant for Nuisance.​​ Such injury could either be to the property or to the health and comfort of occupants. Any injury caused to the​​ property as a result of interference with the use of property through some tangible or intangible objects, is actionable as Nuisance. Also remember that any person who has a right to enjoy the land, also has a right to enjoy the light and air with it.The comfort is subjective and varies from time to time, place to place and person to person. But any substantial interference to the comfort and convenience in using the premises, will constitute as Nuisance.​​ But always remember,​​ in case of private nuisance​​ whatever injury is caused, be it to the property or to the comfort​​ of​​ person, must be actual and real and is required to be proved in the court of law.​​ VALID DEFENCESStatutory AuthorityIf any act that is causing nuisance is being authorised by any statute, there is no liability for that under law of tort. It is an absolute defence.PrescriptionThe prescription can legalise an act of Nuisance in the case of Private Nuisance. In simple words, it means that if the defendant has been doing that same activity causing interference with the enjoyment of property of the plaintiff for more than 20 years, he gets a legal right by prescription to continue with the same in future also.Some of the defences that are rejected by the court in case of Nuisance are nuisance for public good, nuisance due to act of the others, reasonable care, plaintiff’s fault etc.​​ The remedies available for the Nuisance are Abatement i.e. removal of nuisance, injunction and damages. TORT OF​​ FALSE IMPRISONMENTINTRODUCTIONTotal restraint on​​ the movement of a person beyond certain limits​​ for a particular period of time without any lawful justification is referred​​ to as the False Imprisonment. The duration of such total restraint is not of importance here. To prove the false imprisonment, the following two points must be proved:The restraint imposed was the total restraint and not a partial restraintThat restraint was without any lawful Justification.ESSENTIALSThe restraint imposed was the total restraint and not a partial restraintIn Indian Penal Code, a difference has been drawn between wrongful confinement (Section 340) and​​ wrongful​​ restraint (section​​ 339). Wrongful restraint is when the person is prevented from moving in a particular direction whereas wrongful confinement is when person is not allowed to move in any direction beyond a certain limit. In law of tort, partial restraint is not actionable and only total restraint on the movement of a person is actionable. Total restraint may not necessarily​​ be within the four walls or building but merely circumscribing the limits to a person and restraining him to go beyond that, will amount to total restraint. But if such person has a reasonable means to escape, it will not be total restraint and therefore cannot be termed as false imprisonment.​​ The relevance of the issue that ‘whether the person was aware about his false imprisonment or not’ varies from case to case.That restraint was without any lawful Justification.The absence of any lawful justification for such false imprisonment is essential. If a person’s movement has been totally restrained and there is a lawful justification for that, then it will not amount to false imprisonment. For instance, if someone is arrested by the police for a cognizable offence, it cannot be referred to as false imprisonment. REMEDIES Self Help​​ :​​ When a person is under the false imprisonment, he has a right to free himself using reasonable force without waiting for legal process for his releaseDamages: The plaintiff can sue the defendant for damages for false imprisonment and can claim compensation for injury to the liberty, disgrace, mental suffering, humiliation etc.Habeas Corpus: Any person falsely imprisoned or any person on his behalf, may move an application before the Supreme Court or High Court under Article 32 and Article 226 of the Constitution of India respectively, to issue a writ of Habeas Corpus ordering the person accused of falsely imprisoning to produce before the court person falsely imprisoned and provide a lawful justification for such imprisonment. (function( $ ) { //footnotes $('.defaultNote').children(":first").css('cursor', 'pointer'); $('.defaultNote').children(":first").click(function(){ var gotoID = '#' + $(this).parent().attr('id'); $('html, body').animate( { scrollTop: $('a[href="' + gotoID + '"]').offset().top - 60, }, 250, 'linear' ) }); }(jQuery)); var numFormat = ",."; (function( $ ) { "use strict"; //do some cleaning on load var sortCells = $('td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]'); sortCells.each(function(){ var first = $(this).text().trim().charAt(0); if (first == '@'){ var oldHTML = $(this).html(); var newHTML = oldHTML.replace('@', ''); $(this).html(newHTML); } }); function sortingTable(node, pos, ordBy){ var rows = node.children('tbody').children('tr').get(); rows.sort(function(a, b) { var X = $(a).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); var Y = $(b).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); if (numFormat != '.,'){ //we are dealing with a different locale and we need to do some //transformation in numbers X = convert2number(X); Y = convert2number(Y); } else { X = X.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); Y = Y.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); } var currencies = ['$', '¥', '£', '€']; var arrayLength = currencies.length; var XX = X; var YY = Y; for (var i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) { XX = XX.replace(currencies[i], ''); YY = YY.replace(currencies[i], ''); } if (!isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ var floatXX = parseFloat(XX); var floatYY = parseFloat(YY); return -(floatYY-floatXX) * ordBy; } else if (!isNaN(XX) && isNaN(YY)){ return -1 * ordBy; } else if (isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ return ordBy; } else { if(X < Y) { return -1 * ordBy; } if(X > Y) { return 1 * ordBy; } return 0; } }); $.each(rows, function(index, row) { node.children('tbody').append(row); }); } function removeTableCellDecoration() { $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").removeClass('sortDecorator'); } //unbind the click event just in case we are loading more than one document $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").off('click'); $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").click(function(){ removeTableCellDecoration(); $(this).addClass('sortDecorator'); //get desired ordering var ordering = $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering'); if (ordering == 'ASC'){ var ordBy = -1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'DESC'); } else { var ordBy = 1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'ASC'); } var cellPosition = $(this).prevAll().length; var table = $(this).parents('table:first'); sortingTable(table, cellPosition, ordBy); }); function convert2number(str) { str = str.trim(); if (str.match(/^\d+/)) { //we have to take special care when the thousand separators are '.' var result_0 = str.replace(/\./g, '_@_'); var result_1 = result_0.replace(window.numFormat[0], '.'); var result = result_1.replace(/_@_/g, ''); result .replace(/ /g, ''); return result; } else { return str; } } }(jQuery));