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Due Process Under Article 21 of The Indian Constitution

AP
Aparna Shukla
23 August 202113 min read
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In the U S Constitution, due process was added by 8th​​ amendment and on similar lines, in India also, at the time of framing of Constitution, it was proposed to add the due process but due to the experience in US Constitution, the framers of Indian Constitution rejected that proposal and did not add due process clause to Indian Constitution. Instead, in Article 21 the phrase​​ ‘procedure established by law’​​ was​​ added and word ‘personal’ was added before liberty. In the American Constitution, due to the word​​ ‘due process’, the US Supreme Court had acquired immense power to itself and it was making excessive interference in executive and legislative action of the States. Several welfare related laws have been set aside by Supreme Court due to phrase ‘due process’​​ and also the liberty of people to freely enter into contractual relations in a free market was curtailed to a great extent by US Supreme Court. In India, the framers wanted to avoid such consequence and therefore they did not add the word ‘due process’.In the case of​​ Rustom Cawasjee v Union of India (1970) (SC),​​ two major aspects were emphasized:Various Fundamental Rights are not mutually exclusive. Therefore Article 14 has to be read with Article 21 and if any violation of Article​​ 14 is​​ alleged, then Article 21 also shall be examined.\The words ‘Procedure established by law’ is no more just a formalistic requirement, rather now the focus should be on quality of procedure. The procedure now has to be fair, just and reasonable.​​ Thereafter the above development was finally finalized​​ in Maneka Gandhi v Union of India (1978) (SC). It​​ was a​​ 7 Judges bench and the judgement was delivered by Justice P N Bhagwati. It was held that procedure of deprivation of life and personal​​ liberty of an individual has to be​​ reasonable,​​ just, fair and​​ non-arbitrary​​ procedure and also that Fundamental rights are not mutually​​ exclusive.​​ With the above judgements, the due process clause which was otherwise rejected in Indian Constitution, was brought into Indian Constitution by Judicial interpretation. ‘Due Process’ for Indian Constitution would mean procedural fairness and​​ non-arbitrariness. This is the same meaning as due process has.Sunil Batra v Delhi Admn (1978)​​ (SC)“True, our Constitution does not have any due process clause on 8th​​ amendment of American Constitution but with the R C Cooper and Maneka Gandhi judgements, the consequences are the same.” It is the Solitary Confinement case.In Maneka Gandhi judgement, therefore essentially it was procedural protection which was guaranteed in the sense that there has to be reasonable, fair, just and​​ non-arbitrary​​ procedure. So basically, it was procedural fairness in Maneka Gandhi but with subsequent interpretational changes towards Constitution, we extended the procedural fairness to substantive fairness and it is not only that procedure has to be reasonable, just, fair and​​ non-arbitrary, rather now he substantive law also has to be reasonable, just, fair and​​ non-arbitrary.Mithu v. State of Punjab (1983) (SC)It was​​ held in this case that S. 303 of IPC is unreasonable, unjust and unfair and hence it is unconstitutional.Justice K S Puttaswami (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017) (SC)It was​​ held in​​ this case that quality of reasonableness do not attach only to the procedure established by law rather also to thr content of the law itself i.e. also to the substantive law itself. It overruled ADM Jabalpur case   (function( $ ) { //footnotes $('.defaultNote').children(":first").css('cursor', 'pointer'); $('.defaultNote').children(":first").click(function(){ var gotoID = '#' + $(this).parent().attr('id'); $('html, body').animate( { scrollTop: $('a[href="' + gotoID + '"]').offset().top - 60, }, 250, 'linear' ) }); }(jQuery)); var numFormat = ",."; (function( $ ) { "use strict"; //do some cleaning on load var sortCells = $('td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]'); sortCells.each(function(){ var first = $(this).text().trim().charAt(0); if (first == '@'){ var oldHTML = $(this).html(); var newHTML = oldHTML.replace('@', ''); $(this).html(newHTML); } }); function sortingTable(node, pos, ordBy){ var rows = node.children('tbody').children('tr').get(); rows.sort(function(a, b) { var X = $(a).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); var Y = $(b).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); if (numFormat != '.,'){ //we are dealing with a different locale and we need to do some //transformation in numbers X = convert2number(X); Y = convert2number(Y); } else { X = X.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); Y = Y.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); } var currencies = ['$', '¥', '£', '€']; var arrayLength = currencies.length; var XX = X; var YY = Y; for (var i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) { XX = XX.replace(currencies[i], ''); YY = YY.replace(currencies[i], ''); } if (!isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ var floatXX = parseFloat(XX); var floatYY = parseFloat(YY); return -(floatYY-floatXX) * ordBy; } else if (!isNaN(XX) && isNaN(YY)){ return -1 * ordBy; } else if (isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ return ordBy; } else { if(X < Y) { return -1 * ordBy; } if(X > Y) { return 1 * ordBy; } return 0; } }); $.each(rows, function(index, row) { node.children('tbody').append(row); }); } function removeTableCellDecoration() { $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").removeClass('sortDecorator'); } //unbind the click event just in case we are loading more than one document $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").off('click'); $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").click(function(){ removeTableCellDecoration(); $(this).addClass('sortDecorator'); //get desired ordering var ordering = $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering'); if (ordering == 'ASC'){ var ordBy = -1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'DESC'); } else { var ordBy = 1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'ASC'); } var cellPosition = $(this).prevAll().length; var table = $(this).parents('table:first'); sortingTable(table, cellPosition, ordBy); }); function convert2number(str) { str = str.trim(); if (str.match(/^\d+/)) { //we have to take special care when the thousand separators are '.' var result_0 = str.replace(/\./g, '_@_'); var result_1 = result_0.replace(window.numFormat[0], '.'); var result = result_1.replace(/_@_/g, ''); result .replace(/ /g, ''); return result; } else { return str; } } }(jQuery));
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Aparna Shukla
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