Important Summarised Topics of Hindu Law

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Important Summarised Topics​​ of Hindu​​ LawDIVORCEThere are various theories regarding divorce such as:Offence or guilty or fault theoryAccording to section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 any marriage solemnized whether before or commencement of the Act may on a petition presented by either husband or wife be dissolved by a decree of divorce on the ground that other party:Has after the solemnization of the marriage had voluntary sexual intercourse with any person other than his/her spouse and has committed the offence of adultery.​​ Has, after the solemnization of marriage, treated the petitioner with cruelty. It may be mental or physical intentional or unintentional. In​​ DASTANE V. DASTANE​​ the court held that cruelty generally happens when a spouse does not care for the feelings and happiness of the other spouse and does a number of acts to injure the other spouse. It is a cumulative effect which makes behaviour cruel.Has deserted the petitioner for a continuous period of not less than two years immediately preceding the presentation of the petition. Desertion may be actual, constructive or wilful neglect.​​ The cause to leave the spouse must be sufficiently grave and weighty so as to justify living away.Has been incurably of unsound mind or has been suffering continuously from mental disorder of such a kind and to such extent that the petitioner cannot reasonably be expected to live with the respondent.​​ Has ceased to be a Hindu by conversion to another religion. Mere renunciation of Hinduism and leading unorthodox life does not make a person cease to be a Hindu.Has renounced the world by entering any religious order.​​ Has not been heard as being alive for a period of 7 years or more by those persons who naturally would have heard of it, had the party been alive.​​ Besides the above mentioned grounds, a wife has been provided four additional grounds of divorce:Where any marriage solemnized before the commencement of​​ Hindu​​ Marriage Act, 1955 and the husband had married again before such commencement, then the first wife of pre-Act marriage may file a petition for divorce on the ground that her husband has remarried. Similarly, the second wife of the pre-Act marriage may file a petition for divorce on the ground that her husband’s first wife was alive at the time of solemnization of marriage. This ground will be available if both the marriages are valid and both the wives are alive when a petition of divorce is filed.If the husband, since the solemnization of marriage is guilty for the commission of the offence of rape (sexual intercourse by a man with a woman), sodomy (anal intercourse by a man with his wife/another woman or with a man) or bestiality (sexual intercourse by a man with an animal).A man is not guilty of raping his own wife unless she is under the age of 15 years.If a wife has obtained an order of maintenance under section 125 CrPC or a decree under section 18, Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act 1956 and cohabitation between the parties has not been resumed for one year or upwards after passing of the order or decree, then the wife may sue for divorce.A wife who has married before she had attained the age of 15 years and who had repudiated the marriage either expressly (written or spoken words) or impliedly (through conduct) before she attains the age of 18 years, irrespective of the fact whether the marriage has been consummated or not may bring petition for divorce after she attains the age of 18 years on this. (repudiation and dissolution of marriage is not the same thing)​​ Irretrievable breakdown theorySection 13 (1A) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 states that any marriage whether solemnized before or after the commencement of this Act, may present a petition for dissolution of marriage by a decree of divorce on the following grounds:There has been no resumption of cohabitation as between the parties to marriage for a period of one year or upwards after the passing of a decree of judicial separation in proceeding to which they were partiesThere has been no restitution of conjugal rights as between the parties to marriage for a period of one year or upwards​​ ​​ after the passing of a decree of restitution of conjugal rights in proceeding to which they were partiesMutual consent theoryAccording to section 13 B of Hindu​​ Marriage Act, 1955, where any marriage solemnized before​​ or after​​ the commencement of​​ Hindu​​ Marriage Act, 1955​​ the parties to the marriage can mutually dissolve their marriage, if they fulfil the following conditions:A joint petition is to be filed by both the spouses stating that they have been living separately for a period of one year;​​ After presentation of the petition the parties are required to wait for 6 months though not more than 18 months (this is known as ‘cooling period’) and then move a motion in the court that divorce be granted.After the due enquiries and on satisfaction that the consent of the parties is free the court shall pass a decree of divorce.No appeal against a decree of divorce under section 13B of Hindu​​ Marriage Act, 1955​​ shall lie unless the party finds himself/herself deceived.JUDICIAL SEPARATIONSection 10 of Hindu​​ Marriage Act, 1955​​ provides that either party to marriage may present a petition for a decree of judicial separation on any of the grounds as mentioned above for divorce under section 13(1) of Hindu​​ Marriage Act, 1955​​ eg. adultery, cruelty, desertion etc. and wife have additional four grounds as mentioned under section 13(2) of Hindu​​ Marriage Act, 1955​​ besides these.Where a decree for judicial separation is passed, it shall no longer be obligatory for the petitioner to cohabit with the respondent.MAINTENANCEUnder Hindu​​ Marriage Act, 1955​​ either spouse can claim maintenance while under CrPC and Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act only wife can claim maintenance.Under section 24 of Hindu​​ Marriage Act, 1955​​ either spouse may claim personal maintenance and expenses of proceeding.​​ Under section 125 of CrPC, 1973 irrespective of the personal law following persons can claim maintenance from a husband, father, son or daughter:Wife of a valid marriage (not living in adultery and has not remarried) who is unable to maintain herselfLegitimate or illegitimate minor child whether married or not, unable to maintain itselfLegitimate or illegitimate child (not being a married daughter) who has attained majority, where such child, by reason of physical or mental abnormality or injury , is unable to maintain itselfFather or mother, unable to maintain themselves.It is important that a person from whom maintenance is claimed must have sufficient means to maintain and he must have neglected or refused to maintain the person entitled to claim maintenance from him.   (function( $ ) { //footnotes $('.defaultNote').children(":first").css('cursor', 'pointer'); 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Y = Y.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); } var currencies = ['$', '¥', '£', '€']; var arrayLength = currencies.length; var XX = X; var YY = Y; for (var i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) { XX = XX.replace(currencies[i], ''); YY = YY.replace(currencies[i], ''); } if (!isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ var floatXX = parseFloat(XX); var floatYY = parseFloat(YY); return -(floatYY-floatXX) * ordBy; } else if (!isNaN(XX) && isNaN(YY)){ return -1 * ordBy; } else if (isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ return ordBy; } else { if(X < Y) { return -1 * ordBy; } if(X > Y) { return 1 * ordBy; } return 0; } }); $.each(rows, function(index, row) { node.children('tbody').append(row); }); } function removeTableCellDecoration() { $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").removeClass('sortDecorator'); } //unbind the click event just in case we are loading more than one document $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").off('click'); $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").click(function(){ removeTableCellDecoration(); $(this).addClass('sortDecorator'); 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