Introduction to the Law of Torts for SLAT/CLAT

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Introduction to the Law of Torts for SLATTort is categorised as a Civil Law in which the wrongful acts committed by one person violates the legal rights of the another person. The origin of the word “tort” is from a​​ Latin​​ word ‘Tortum’ which means twisted or wrong​​ or crooked. ​​ The jurisprudential essence of the​​ Tort law is that every person has a duty to respect the legal rights of the others and anyone breaching this duty is said to have committed a tort. Any person who commits a tort is referred to as the tortfeasor. Some common examples of Tort​​ are:​​ Negligence, Malicious Prosecution, Defamation etc.​​ In cases where the same damage is caused to the person by more than one wrongdoers, they may​​ be regarded as independent or joint Tortfeasors. The liability as a joint tortfeasor would arise when there is an act that is jointly done by all the tortfeasors, thus causing the alleged harm.ESSENTIALS OF TORT​​ For an act to be held as Tort, it must fulfil certain conditions that are:Act/ Omission: If the person has​​ either done​​ an act which is prohibited by law or omitted to do an act that he is legally bound to do, he can be held liable for Tort.For instance: The law prohibits you from causing nuisance to your neighbours and if you do so, you are doing an act for which you can be made liable for Tort.Also, if you​​ don’t​​ save a man who is drowning,​​ you​​ are not liable for anything although you have​​ omitted​​ an act of saving him but if there was a lifeguard who was legally bound to save anyone drowning in that swimming pool, he can be g=held liable.Legal Damage:​​ Never confuse the words ‘damage’ and ‘damages’. Damages refers to the compensation claimed by the injured party​​ whereas damage​​ refers to any kind of injury or loss.For the two important legal maxims give below, Injury refers to the​​ infringement​​ of legal right and Damnum means substantial injury.Injuria Sine Damno​​ ​​ Injury without DamageIt covers only those torts which are actionable per se without any proof of damage (loss). In this case, the very act of injury i.e. Infringement of legal right of a​​ person is actionable and any fact of damage i.e. if the plaintiff has suffered any loss, is irrelevant. ​​   Damnum Sine Injuria ​​ ​​ Damage without injuryIt​​ refers​​ to those cases where although the plaintiff has suffered a substantial loss but there is no proof of infringement of the legal rights of the plaintiff. ​​ Such acts are not considered to be​​ Tort,​​ however​​ these acts are harmful.Conclusion:​​ Therefore, it can be said that a person is said to be liable of Tort if following two conditions are fulfilled simultaneously:He has done an act prohibited by law or omitted to do an act he was bound to do legally.Such person should have infringed the legal right of the plaintiff.NATURE OF REMEDY IN TORTThe remedies that are generally given in the case of Tort are the​​ unliquidated​​ damages. By unliquidated damages, we mean that the quantum of compensation is not​​ predetermined​​ and it is believed that it is because of the reason that parties are usually stranger to each other. Other than the damages, injunction or specific​​ restitution​​ may also be opted as the Remedy under Tort.IS IT LAW OF TORT OR LAW OF TORTSAs per Salmond,​​ it is ’law of​​ torts’ and​​ any act would constitute s a tort only when it falls under the category of any recognised tort. He believes that no general principle of liability exists in case of Tort and if​​ the​​ plaintiff can place the wrong done to him​​ or her, in​​ any of the pigeon holes each representing a recognised tort, then only it will constitute a Tort. This​​ is called as Pigeon Hole theory.On the other hand, Winfield believe that it is ‘law of tort’ and not ‘Law of torts’ as there is a general principle of Liability. As per him, all injuries done to a person will be categorised as Tort​​ unless​​ there is some legal justification (Justification recognized by law) for it.​​ ​​ This gave a wider perspective as compared to Salmond’s theory.   (function( $ ) { //footnotes $('.defaultNote').children(":first").css('cursor', 'pointer'); $('.defaultNote').children(":first").click(function(){ var gotoID = '#' + $(this).parent().attr('id'); $('html, body').animate( { scrollTop: $('a[href="' + gotoID + '"]').offset().top - 60, }, 250, 'linear' ) }); }(jQuery)); var numFormat = ",."; (function( $ ) { "use strict"; //do some cleaning on load var sortCells = $('td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]'); sortCells.each(function(){ var first = $(this).text().trim().charAt(0); if (first == '@'){ var oldHTML = $(this).html(); var newHTML = oldHTML.replace('@', ''); $(this).html(newHTML); } }); function sortingTable(node, pos, ordBy){ var rows = node.children('tbody').children('tr').get(); rows.sort(function(a, b) { var X = $(a).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); var Y = $(b).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); if (numFormat != '.,'){ //we are dealing with a different locale and we need to do some //transformation in numbers X = convert2number(X); Y = convert2number(Y); } else { X = X.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); Y = Y.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); } var currencies = ['$', '¥', '£', '€']; var arrayLength = currencies.length; var XX = X; var YY = Y; for (var i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) { XX = XX.replace(currencies[i], ''); YY = YY.replace(currencies[i], ''); } if (!isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ var floatXX = parseFloat(XX); var floatYY = parseFloat(YY); return -(floatYY-floatXX) * ordBy; } else if (!isNaN(XX) && isNaN(YY)){ return -1 * ordBy; } else if (isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ return ordBy; } else { if(X < Y) { return -1 * ordBy; } if(X > Y) { return 1 * ordBy; } return 0; } }); $.each(rows, function(index, row) { node.children('tbody').append(row); }); } function removeTableCellDecoration() { $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").removeClass('sortDecorator'); } //unbind the click event just in case we are loading more than one document $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").off('click'); $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").click(function(){ removeTableCellDecoration(); $(this).addClass('sortDecorator'); //get desired ordering var ordering = $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering'); if (ordering == 'ASC'){ var ordBy = -1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'DESC'); } else { var ordBy = 1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'ASC'); } var cellPosition = $(this).prevAll().length; var table = $(this).parents('table:first'); sortingTable(table, cellPosition, ordBy); }); function convert2number(str) { str = str.trim(); if (str.match(/^\d+/)) { //we have to take special care when the thousand separators are '.' var result_0 = str.replace(/\./g, '_@_'); var result_1 = result_0.replace(window.numFormat[0], '.'); var result = result_1.replace(/_@_/g, ''); result .replace(/ /g, ''); return result; } else { return str; } } }(jQuery));