Landmark Judgements Of 2019-2020 for CLAT
This post was first published on March 17, 2020
LANDMARK JUDGEMENTS OF 2019-2020 for CLAT
.docxpressoPlugin { font-size: 83.35%; } .h5p_layout { box-sizing: content-box !important; } .h5p_layout *{ float: none; text-align: initial; box-sizing: border-box; } /*to make sure that floating elements are always inside the document bounds*/ .h5p_layout:after { content: " "; display: block; height: 0; clear: both; visibility: hidden; } /* a default layout for documents without maste styles */ .h5p_default_layout { margin-top: 3.6rem; margin-left: 8.50464rem; margin-bottom: 3.6rem; margin-right: 8.50464rem; writing-mode: lr-tb; } /*hack for IE */ wbr:after { content: "\00200B"; } /*hack to get some extra top margin for anchors if needed*/ .h5p_layout span[id^="_Toc"]{ padding-top: 10px; margin-top: -10px; } /* Remove unwanted numbering styles */ .h5p_layout .removeNumbering:before{ content: initial !important; display: none; all: initial !important; } /* give zero default top and bottom paddings for paragraphs*/ .h5p_layout p { color: #000000; line-height: 1; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } .h5p_layout span { color: #000000; font-weight: normal; } .h5p_layout span.dropcap { color: inherit; font-family: inherit !important; } .h5p_layout h1, .h5p_layout h2, .h5p_layout h3, .h5p_layout h4, .h5p_layout h5, .h5p_layout h6 { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1; color: inherit; } /* give zero default top and bottom paddings for paragraphs in tables*/ .h5p_layout table p { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } .h5p_layout ul, .h5p_layout ol { list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; } .h5p_layout ul li, .h5p_layout ol li { list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } .h5p_layout li p { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } .h5p_layout table { border: none; } .h5p_layout td { vertical-align: top; border: none; } .h5p_layout th { vertical-align: top; border: none; } .h5p_layout div { margin-bottom: 10pt; } .h5p_layout img { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .h5p_layout ul ul { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; } .h5p_layout li { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; list-style-type: none !important; } .h5p_layout ul, .h5p_layout ol { list-style-type: none !important; } .h5p_layout td[data-sorting] p:before, .h5p_layout th[data-sorting] p:before { content: ' '; padding-right: 16px; background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAsAAAALAQMAAACTYuVlAAAAA3NCSVQICAjb4U/gAAAABlBMVEUjLTD////tm/tRAAAACXBIWXMAAAsSAAALEgHS3X78AAAAFnRFWHRDcmVhdGlvbiBUaW1lADAyLzEwLzE2RFpLjQAAACB0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWFjcm9tZWRpYSBGaXJld29ya3MgTVi7kSokAAAAI0lEQVR4nGP4/4Dh9wOGjw8YHjxgOJDA8B9MPgCLAMX/PwAANZUStiyS6NsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); background-position: left center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } .sortDecorator { border-bottom: 3px solid #b70000 !important; } /* This is a spacial class designed to remove unwanted bullets when a li has ul as its first child*/ .h5p_layout .removeBullet:before { content: none !important; } /*responsive tables*/ .h5p_layout div.dxoResponsiveTable{ margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; overflow-x: auto !important; overflow-y: hidden; } /* chart tooltips */ .c3-tooltip-container td.name { white-space: nowrap; } /* External services*/ .h5p_layout iframe { resize: vertical; border: 1px solid #fff; } .h5p_layout div.youtube { position:relative; padding-bottom:56.25%; height:0; overflow:hidden; background-color: transparent; } .h5p_layout div.youtube iframe { resize: none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0; width:100%; height:100%; } div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 {counter-reset: ulLFO1_1;margin-left: 0;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 ul {counter-reset: ulLFO1_2;margin-left: -0.0986in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li {text-indent: -0.25in;margin-left: 25.0992pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO1_1;content: counter(ulLFO1_1, decimal) ". ";margin-left: -0.25in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO1_3;margin-left: -0.5986in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li {text-indent: -0.25in;margin-left: 61.0992pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO1_2;content: counter(ulLFO1_2, lower-latin) ". ";margin-left: -0.25in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO1_4;margin-left: -1.2236in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.125in;margin-left: 97.0992pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO1_3;content: counter(ulLFO1_3, lower-roman) ". ";margin-left: -0.125in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 ul ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO1_5;margin-left: -1.5986in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.25in;margin-left: 133.0992pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO1_4;content: counter(ulLFO1_4, decimal) ". ";margin-left: -0.25in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 ul ul ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO1_6;margin-left: -2.0986in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.25in;margin-left: 169.0992pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO1_5;content: counter(ulLFO1_5, lower-latin) ". ";margin-left: -0.25in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 ul ul ul ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO1_7;margin-left: -2.7236in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.125in;margin-left: 205.0992pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO1_6;content: counter(ulLFO1_6, lower-roman) ". ";margin-left: -0.125in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 ul ul ul ul ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO1_8;margin-left: -3.0986in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.25in;margin-left: 241.0992pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO1_7;content: counter(ulLFO1_7, decimal) ". ";margin-left: -0.25in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 ul ul ul ul ul ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO1_9;margin-left: -3.5986in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.25in;margin-left: 277.0992pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO1_8;content: counter(ulLFO1_8, lower-latin) ". ";margin-left: -0.25in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 ul ul ul ul ul ul ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO1_10;margin-left: -4.2236in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.125in;margin-left: 313.0992pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO1 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO1_9;content: counter(ulLFO1_9, lower-roman) ". ";margin-left: -0.125in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 {counter-reset: ulLFO2_1;margin-left: 0;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 ul {counter-reset: ulLFO2_2;margin-left: -0.25in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li {text-indent: -0.25in;margin-left: 36pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO2_1;content: counter(ulLFO2_1, decimal) ". ";margin-left: -0.25in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO2_3;margin-left: -0.75in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li {text-indent: -0.25in;margin-left: 72pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO2_2;content: counter(ulLFO2_2, lower-latin) ". ";margin-left: -0.25in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO2_4;margin-left: -1.375in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.125in;margin-left: 108pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO2_3;content: counter(ulLFO2_3, lower-roman) ". ";margin-left: -0.125in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 ul ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO2_5;margin-left: -1.75in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.25in;margin-left: 144pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO2_4;content: counter(ulLFO2_4, decimal) ". ";margin-left: -0.25in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 ul ul ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO2_6;margin-left: -2.25in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.25in;margin-left: 180pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO2_5;content: counter(ulLFO2_5, lower-latin) ". ";margin-left: -0.25in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 ul ul ul ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO2_7;margin-left: -2.875in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.125in;margin-left: 216pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO2_6;content: counter(ulLFO2_6, lower-roman) ". ";margin-left: -0.125in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 ul ul ul ul ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO2_8;margin-left: -3.25in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.25in;margin-left: 252pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO2_7;content: counter(ulLFO2_7, decimal) ". ";margin-left: -0.25in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 ul ul ul ul ul ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO2_9;margin-left: -3.75in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.25in;margin-left: 288pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO2_8;content: counter(ulLFO2_8, lower-latin) ". ";margin-left: -0.25in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 ul ul ul ul ul ul ul ul ul {counter-reset: ulLFO2_10;margin-left: -4.375in;padding: 0; list-style-type: none;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li {text-indent: -0.125in;margin-left: 324pt;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 ul.LFO2 li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li ul li:before {counter-increment: ulLFO2_9;content: counter(ulLFO2_9, lower-roman) ". ";margin-left: -0.125in;display: table-cell;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P1 {border-top: none !important;border-left: none !important;border-bottom: 0.0138in solid #4F81BD !important;border-right: none !important;padding-top: 0in !important;padding-left: 0in !important;padding-bottom: 0.0555in !important;padding-right: 0in !important;margin-bottom: 0.2083in !important;line-height: 1 !important;break-before: page !important;text-align: center !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P1 span {hyphenate: false;font-family: Cambria;color: #17365D;letter-spacing: 0.0034in;font-size: 26pt;hyphenate: false;font-weight: bold;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P2 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P2 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P3 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P3 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P4 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P4 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P5 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P5 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P6 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P6 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P7 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P7 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P8 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P8 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P9 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P9 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P10 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P10 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P11 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P11 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P12 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P12 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P13 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P13 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P14 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T15 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T16 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-weight: bold !important;font-style: italic !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T17 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-style: italic !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T18 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T19 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T20 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T21 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T22 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T23 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P24 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P24 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P25 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P25 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P26 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P26 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P27 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P27 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P28 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P28 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P29 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T30 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T31 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-weight: bold !important;font-style: italic !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T32 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T33 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T34 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T35 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T36 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T37 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T38 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T39 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P40 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P40 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P41 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P41 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P42 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P42 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P43 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P43 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P44 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P44 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P45 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P45 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P46 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P46 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P47 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T48 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T49 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T50 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T51 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T52 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.T53 {font-family: Times New Roman !important;font-size: 14pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P54 {margin-left: 0.5in !important;text-align: justify !important;margin-left: 0.3486in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P54 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-family: Times New Roman;font-size: 14pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.Normal {font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.Normal span {hyphenate: false;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.DefaultParagraphFont {font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.ListParagraph {margin-left: 0.5in !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.ListParagraph span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.Title {border-top: none !important;border-left: none !important;border-bottom: 0.0138in solid #4F81BD !important;border-right: none !important;padding-top: 0in !important;padding-left: 0in !important;padding-bottom: 0.0555in !important;padding-right: 0in !important;margin-bottom: 0.2083in !important;line-height: 1 !important;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.Title span {hyphenate: false;font-family: Cambria;color: #17365D;letter-spacing: 0.0034in;font-size: 26pt;hyphenate: false;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 span.TitleChar {font-family: Cambria !important;color: #17365D !important;letter-spacing: 0.0034in !important;font-size: 26pt !important;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 div {font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P14 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P29 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p.P47 span {hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;hyphenate: false;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 table {margin-left: 0in;border-collapse: collapse;writing-mode: lr-tb;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 table tr {height: 0in;keep-together: auto;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 table td, table th {background-color: transparent;vertical-align: top;wrap-option: wrap;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p {keep-with-next: auto;keep-together: auto;widows: 2;orphans: 2;break-before: auto;border: none;text-align: left;writing-mode: lr-tb;margin-bottom: 0.1388in;line-height: 1.15;background-color: transparent;font-size: 11pt;} div#h5p_6a7c0a5902c14 p span {font-family: Calibri;font-weight: normal;font-style: normal;text-transform: none;font-variant: normal;text-shadow: none;letter-spacing: normal;font-size: 11pt;background-color: transparent;text-decoration: none;text-decoration-color: font-color;language: en;country: IN;hyphenate: true;}
LANDMARK JUDGEMENTS OF 2019-2020 for CLATSitaram Yechury v. Union of India 2019This case is famously known as the ‘Jammu and Kashmir Habeas Corpus Case’. Herein Sitaram Yechury, general secretary of the Communist Party of India filed a habeas corpus petition in the Supreme Court challenging the illegality and constitutional validity of the detention imposed on one of the leader of his party Mohammed Yousuf Tarigiami when a virtual lockdown was imposed in the state of Jammu and Kashmir after the Central Government passed an Act taking away the special status that was granted to the State. The Supreme Court allowed the petitioner to visit the detenu; however, restrictions were imposed on his meet and he was not allowed to carry out any other political activities during that tenure.Swiss Ribbons Pvt Ltd. v. Union of India 2019The Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 and National Company Law Tribunal and held that it is not violative of Article 14 of the Constitution.Kantaru Rajeevaru v. Indian Young Lawyers Association 2019Supreme Court in this case has accepted a review petition against the Sabarimala judgement to be referred to the bench of seven judges. Supreme Court in its judgement in the case of ‘Indian Young Lawyers Association vs The State Of Kerala 2018’ uplifted the ban imposed on the entry of women in the temple of Sabarimala in Kerala by declaring it as unconstitutional and violative against Article 25 of the Constitution against which many review petitions were filed and in this case Supreme Court agreed to refer the matter to larger bench of 7 judges as 2018 judgement was passed by a bench of 5 judges. Mukesh Kumar v. The State Of Uttarakhand 2020Justice L. Nageswara Rao pronounced that reservation in promotions in public positions is not a fundamental right and States cannot be compelled to provide reservation in appointments and reservations of public posts. Article 16(4) of the Constitution gives a discretionary power to the state government to allow reservation to the people who are not adequately represented in services in such appointments; it is not a mandate on the State and it cannot be claimed as a matter of right.Satvinder Singh Saluja and others v. State of Bihar 2019Supreme Court in this case held that Consumption of liquor in a public place, even if done in a private vehicle is an offence under the Bihar Excise Act, 2016 and also stated that it comes under the definition of ‘public space’, according to the Act. The Court also held that even if a person enters the territory of the State of Bihar in a drunken state he will be held liable under the Act, even if the consumption has taken place outside the State.Yashwant Sinha and others v. CBI and others 2019The case is famously known as ‘the Rafale case’. A bench comprising of Justice Ranjan Gogoi, Justice Kaul and Justice Joseph dismissed all the review petitions and gave a clean chit to the NDA government effectively denying the corruption allegations in the Rafale deal regarding the purchase of 36 Rafale fighter jets. The court in this case highlighted that the documents which are covered under the Official Secrets Act can be produced in the court as evidences in the interest of public justice i.e. the court can rely on such documents in order to do justice and its unauthorized publication do not affect its evidentiary value.Indian Hotel and Restaurant Association v. State of Maharashtra 2019In this case constitutionality of Maharashtra Prohibition of Obscene Dance in Hotels, Restaurants and Bar Rooms and Protection of dignity of Women (working therein) Act, 2016 was upheld and it was held that the Act is not violative to Article 21 of the Constitution. The Court Relaxed the stringent conditions for obtaining license for dance bars and also stated that it is not mandatory for the applicant to prove good character and no previous criminal record. Central Public Information Officer, Supreme Court v. Subash Chandra Agarwal 2019Five judge bench of the Supreme Court held that Chief Justice’s office falls under the category of ‘public authority’ and is subject to the provisions of Right to Information Act. The court highlighted to maintain confidentiality in some aspects of judicial administration while dealing with transparency.M Siddiq (d) through LRs v. Mahant Suresh Das and others 2019The case is famously known as ‘Ayodhya case’. In this case The five judge bench of Supreme Court decided to hand over the disputed land of 2.77 acres in Ayodhya to a trust for the construction of Ram Mandir and also under Article 142 of the Constitution ordered to give an alternate five acre tract of land to the Sunni Waqf board to build the mosque. The act of placing idols beneath the central dome of the mosque in 1949 was declared to be an act of desecration i.e. acts of religious impurity. Indibility Creative Pvt. Ltd and others v. Government of West Bengal and others 2019In this case a Bengali film ‘Bhobishyoter Bhoot’ (Future Ghost), was stopped from screening by the State Government by unlawful use of the powers of the police. The Supreme Court in this case stated that Right to freedom of speech and expression cannot be restricted by fear of mob violence and public officials are subject to the rule of law. The Court overturned the virtual ban imposed by the government. BK Pavitra and others v. Union of India 2019The Supreme Court in this judgement upheld the constitutional validity of Karnataka Extension of Consequential Seniority to Government Servants promoted on the basis of The Reservation Act 2018 as per Article 16(4A) of the Constitution. This implied that a reserved category employee could be promoted before a senior employee belonging to the general category. 85th Constitutional Amendment Act 2001 extended the benefit of reservation in favour of the SC/ST in matters of promotion with consequential seniority. Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India 2020Supreme Court in this case held that Right to internet forms a part of freedom of speech and expression under Article 19(1) (a) and ban of internet in the State of Jammu and Kashmir is violative of it. The court also stated that an order suspending internet services indefinitely is impermissible under the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Service) Rules, 2017. D.A.V. College Trust and Management Society v. Director of Public Instructions 2019Supreme Court in this case held that non-governmental organisations substantially financed by the government whether directly or indirectly will fall within the ambit of ‘public authority’ under section 2(h) of the Right to Information Act, 2005 and also schools and colleges which are substantially financed by the Government fall within the Act. (function( $ ) {
//footnotes
$('.defaultNote').children(":first").css('cursor', 'pointer');
$('.defaultNote').children(":first").click(function(){
var gotoID = '#' + $(this).parent().attr('id');
$('html, body').animate(
{
scrollTop: $('a[href="' + gotoID + '"]').offset().top - 60,
},
250,
'linear'
)
});
}(jQuery));
var numFormat = ",.";
(function( $ ) {
"use strict";
//do some cleaning on load
var sortCells = $('td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]');
sortCells.each(function(){
var first = $(this).text().trim().charAt(0);
if (first == '@'){
var oldHTML = $(this).html();
var newHTML = oldHTML.replace('@', '');
$(this).html(newHTML);
}
});
function sortingTable(node, pos, ordBy){
var rows = node.children('tbody').children('tr').get();
rows.sort(function(a, b) {
var X = $(a).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase();
var Y = $(b).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase();
if (numFormat != '.,'){
//we are dealing with a different locale and we need to do some
//transformation in numbers
X = convert2number(X);
Y = convert2number(Y);
} else {
X = X.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, '');
Y = Y.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, '');
}
var currencies = ['$', '¥', '£', '€'];
var arrayLength = currencies.length;
var XX = X;
var YY = Y;
for (var i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) {
XX = XX.replace(currencies[i], '');
YY = YY.replace(currencies[i], '');
}
if (!isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){
var floatXX = parseFloat(XX);
var floatYY = parseFloat(YY);
return -(floatYY-floatXX) * ordBy;
} else if (!isNaN(XX) && isNaN(YY)){
return -1 * ordBy;
} else if (isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){
return ordBy;
} else {
if(X < Y) {
return -1 * ordBy;
}
if(X > Y) {
return 1 * ordBy;
}
return 0;
}
});
$.each(rows, function(index, row) {
node.children('tbody').append(row);
});
}
function removeTableCellDecoration() {
$("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").removeClass('sortDecorator');
}
//unbind the click event just in case we are loading more than one document
$("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").off('click');
$("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").click(function(){
removeTableCellDecoration();
$(this).addClass('sortDecorator');
//get desired ordering
var ordering = $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering');
if (ordering == 'ASC'){
var ordBy = -1;
$(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'DESC');
} else {
var ordBy = 1;
$(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'ASC');
}
var cellPosition = $(this).prevAll().length;
var table = $(this).parents('table:first');
sortingTable(table, cellPosition, ordBy);
});
function convert2number(str) {
str = str.trim();
if (str.match(/^\d+/)) {
//we have to take special care when the thousand separators are '.'
var result_0 = str.replace(/\./g, '_@_');
var result_1 = result_0.replace(window.numFormat[0], '.');
var result = result_1.replace(/_@_/g, '');
result .replace(/ /g, '');
return result;
} else {
return str;
}
}
}(jQuery));
Subscribe for updates
Join 10,000+ subscribers.
AD
Aditya Anand
Contributing author
Have a doubt about this?Ask Doubts
