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Legal Reasoning Questions For Law Entrance Exams 2022

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Aditya Anand
23 August 202140 min read
Legal Reasoning Questions For Law Entrance
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Legal Reasoning Questions For Law Entrance Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow-  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ Passage IIn the higher judicial system, very rarely has an occasion come when two Chief Justices of India have had to remind the prime minister of something. Alas, two consecutive CJIs – Justice Dipak Misra and Justice Ranjan Gogoi (now a Rajya Sabha member, after having been nominated by the president) – had to remind the Prime Minister’s Office of the allegations against a senior judge of the Allahabad high court, Justice S.N. Shukla.​​ Specifically, they have had to remind the PMO that the allegations were serious and warranted initiation of proceedings for his removal. Unfortunately, the judge retired on July 17, 2020, without the Union government having taken any action for his impeachment. In July 2019, it was reported that the then CJI Ranjan Gogoi, had, for the first time in history, given permission to the CBI to lodge an FIR against a sitting high court judge. That too, under the Prevention of Corruption Act, for his alleged involvement in the medical college scam.​​ Even before this, a committee comprising Justice Indira Banerjee, then Chief Justice of the Madras high court and now a Supreme Court judge, Justice S.K. Agnihotri, then Chief Justice of Sikkim high court, and Justice P.K. Jaiswal, judge of the Madhya Pradesh high court, had submitted a report on Justice Shukla dated January 20, 2018. Their report concluded that “the aberrations complained of are serious enough to call for initiation of proceedings for his removal (as a judge)”.Thus the process required for the initiation of impeachment proceedings stood complete as long ago as January, 2018. Justice Dipak Misra was CJI at the time.​​ In December 2019, the CBI even raided the judge. However, Justice Shukla finally retired on July 17, 2020, having not been assigned any judicial work (under orders of the CJI) for nearly two and a half years. For these two and a half years, the expense of the security and maintenance of the judge and his immediate family has been borne by the public exchequer. Whenever any constitutional crisis has emerged in the executive function or parliamentary process, the parties concerned expect the judiciary to take up the matter on an urgent basis and the judiciary has always done so on priority, thereby discharging its constitutional responsibility.​​ The previous CJI’s last reminder to the prime minister, almost a year ago, is of similar nature. It requested him to take the process further and discharge his responsibility on a priority basis. But his plea fell on deaf ears.In the case of Justice Shukla’s impeachment, the government did not move ahead despite the requests of two consecutive CJIs. In the Indian constitutional set-up, the judiciary can be as independent as it chooses to be and in that exercise of ensuring independence, litigant, citizen and the government all shall have to depend upon and trust the wisdom of the judiciary itself. It can keep external influences emanating from government functionaries as far as it wants.However, the process of impeachment is not within the ambit of the judiciary. Hence, the concerned institution – parliament – should have undertaken that exercise expeditiously, in a process led by the Centre. However, the government has failed the test of objectivity demanded by the Supreme Court in this regard.​​ In the past, under similar circumstances, Justices P.D. Dinakaran and Soumitra Sen resigned only when their impeachment motions were put into action. In this case, once Justice Shukla refused to resign, despite the inquiry committee report, the executive should have immediately brought about an impeachment motion. This may have been sufficient cause for the indicted judge to finally resign. Extracted with edits from​​ https://thewire.in/law/justice-sn-shukla-retires-narendra-modi-pmo-cji​​  by​​ The​​ Wire,​​ July​​ 2020​​ ​​ ​​  ​​​​  ​​​​ 1.​​ The given passage discusses the following issues-(a)​​ corruption in the judiciary​​ (b)​​ impeachment of a judge​​ ​​ (c)​​ both (a) and (b)​​ ​​ (d) None of the above​​ ​​  2.​​ The given passage suggests that permission to initiate criminal proceedings against a High Court judge has to be taken from-​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​  ​​​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ (a)​​ Chief Justice of concerned High Court​​ ​​ ​​ (b)​​ Chief Justice of India​​ (c)​​ Senior most judge of concerned High Court who is not the Chief Justice​​ ​​ (d) None​​ of the above​​  3.​​ In the context of the given passage, the word “aberrations” means-​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ (a)​​ defects​​ (b)​​ diseases​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ (c)​​ irregularities​​ ​​ ​​ (d)​​ None​​ of the above​​ ​​  4.​​ The​​ given passage​​ suggests that impeachment proceedings can be initiated against a High Court judge only if he refuses to resign after being charged of allegations of corruption. This inference is-​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ (a)​​ Correct​​ ​​ (b)​​ Incorrect​​ ​​ (c)​​ Partly correct​​ ​​ (d)​​ Can’t say​​ ​​  5.​​ The given passage suggests that impeachment of a High Court judge involves the role of-​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ (a)​​ the legislature​​ (b)​​ the executive​​ (c)​​ Both (a) and (b)​​ ​​ (d)​​ Neither (a) or (b)​​ ​​  Passage II​​ The encounter killing of Vikas Dubey, the gangster accused of many murders including that of eight policemen earlier this month, has once again highlighted the impunity with which the police in India can execute people. Dubey was the 119th person to be killed in police encounters in UP since March 2017.The most common argument in support of fake encounters is that the judicial process is slow and that it is difficult to secure convictions against people who can ‘silence’ witnesses. However, what prevented the people and the governments all these years from amending the law to provide for speedier justice and appropriate rules of evidence or protection of witnesses? Why are we still dragging the corpse of a Criminal Procedure Code first introduced in 1898 and Evidence Act of 1872? The wilful failure to reform the judicial system cannot be turned into a license for adopting ‘illegal shortcuts’ instead. We know that if it suits them, many people are happy with slow justice and ‘tareekh pe tareekh’ – the interminable postponement of cases. The same people start complaining when it does not suit them. This double standard is condemnable.There are several psychological and systemic reasons for the cops resorting to extra​​ judicial killings. The first is their obsessive desire of taking credit and medals for good work they never did and never deserved. The desire of instant justice does not drive them as much as the desire of ‘instant popularity’. The second is the ‘abject surrender’ of their professional integrity to the wishes of their ‘masters’. Bureaucrats have always behaved in a slavish manner; however, slavery is now displayed proudly as a medal.​​ As found by the Supreme Court in the case of Prakash Kadam & Etc. Etc vs Ramprasad Vishwanath Gupta & Anr, police have taken up ‘contract killing’ for money also.​​ Third, they have become a victim of their own rhetoric and the sycophancy of a section of the media, which hails the so-called ‘encounter specialists’ as ‘super-cops’ and extols the ‘virtues’ of their misplaced machismo.The much-touted police reforms are no solution. The malady lies more with the men who work for the system. It is inconceivable that simply because the police commissioner has complete power of transfers and postings, the cops will change their ways. The so-called police reforms are actually a clever ploy of the police officers to wield more power without any accountability to the public. There is no reason to believe that, in spite of​​ being products of the same society, government officers are inherently more virtuous than political leaders whose ‘control’ they want to shake off, even as the latter are directly accountable to the people. The difference between a nation state and a criminal is that the state must necessarily ride a higher moral horse. Instant or vigilante justice delivered on the whims and fancies of a few people in power is fraught with possibilities of rampant abuse.As Earl Warren, the former Chief Justice of the United States, said in Spano vs New York, the police must obey the law while enforcing the law. Life and liberty can be as much endangered from illegal methods as from the actual criminals themselves. Let us strive hard make it non-negotiable. We must do justice to the martyred policemen and slain people, but not by doing injustice to others. The ‘Rule of Law’ cannot be buried under populist pressure. If we fail in this duty, we will be forced to lament in vain like Mark Antony on the murder of Julius Caesar, “O, pardon me thou bleeding piece of earth. That I am meek and gentle with these butchers.”Extracted with edits from:​​ https://thewire.in/law/vikas-dubey-encounter-instance-justice​​  by​​ The​​ Wire,​​ July​​ 2020​​ ​​ ​​  ​​​​  ​​​​ 1.​​ In the context of the given passage, the word ‘impunity’ means-​​ (a)​​ liability​​ (b)​​ responsibility​​ ​​ (c)​​ privilege of being exempt from punishment​​ ​​ (d)​​ None​​ of the above​​  2.​​ For tackling the issue of encounter killing, the author suggests adoption of-​​ (a)​​ legal reforms​​ (b)​​ police reforms​​ (c)​​ both (a) and (b)​​ ​​ (d)​​ only (a) but not (b)​​ ​​  3.​​ The​​ given passage touches the issues of- ​​​​ (a)​​ encounter killing​​ (b)​​ upholding the rule of law​​ ​​ (c)​​ both (a) and (b)​​ (d)​​ neither (a)​​ nor (b)​​  4.​​ According to the author, reasons for commission of encounter killings are-​​ (a)​​ desire of appreciation of police officials​​ (b)​​ for money​​ ​​ (c)​​ for praise by the media​​ ​​ ​​ (d)​​ All of the above​​  5.​​ In the context of the given passage, use of the word ‘butchers’ in the line ‘That I am meek and gentle with these butchers’​​ is a reference to-(a)​​ all Indian police personnel(b)​​ all police personnel engaging in encounter killings​​ (c)​​ those Indian people who praise commission of encounter killings​​ (d) None of the above​​ ​​  Answer key with explanationsPassage IQuestion 1 - Option (c) is the correct answer.Explanation​​ –​​ A reading of the entire passage indicates that option (c) is correct.​​ ​​ ​​ ​​  Question 2 - Option (b) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation​​ –​​ The line “CJI Ranjan Gogoi, had, for the first time in history, given permission to the CBI to lodge an FIR” indicates that option (b) is correct.​​  Question 3 - Option​​ (c) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation​​ –​​ The given passage talks about commission of corrupt activities by a judge hence option (c) is correct.​​  Question 4 – Option (b) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation​​ –​​ Initiation of impeachment proceedings and resignation by a judge are independent of each other and the passage does not suggest any link between the two.​​ ​​ ​​ ​​  Question 5​​ –​​ Option (c) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation –​​ A reading of the last paragraph of the given passage indicates that option (c) is correct.​​  Passage IIQuestion 1 - Option (c) is the correct answer.Explanation​​ –​​ A plain reading of the line containing the word ‘impunity’ indicates that option (c) is correct.​​  Question 2 - Option​​ (d) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation​​ –​​ A reading of the entire passage suggests that the author supports legal reforms but not police reforms.​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​  Question 3 - Option (c) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation​​ –​​ A reading of the entire passage suggests that option (c) is correct. Question 4 – Option (d) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation –​​ The​​ reasons stated in the third paragraph of the passage indicate that option (d) is correct. ​​  Question 5​​ –​​ Option (b) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation​​ –​​ The author criticizes the commission of encounter killings by police​​ and does not criticize the police in general​​ hence option (b) is correct.​​ ​​  (function( $ ) { //footnotes $('.defaultNote').children(":first").css('cursor', 'pointer'); $('.defaultNote').children(":first").click(function(){ var gotoID = '#' + $(this).parent().attr('id'); $('html, body').animate( { scrollTop: $('a[href="' + gotoID + '"]').offset().top - 60, }, 250, 'linear' ) }); }(jQuery)); var numFormat = ",."; (function( $ ) { "use strict"; //do some cleaning on load var sortCells = $('td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]'); sortCells.each(function(){ var first = $(this).text().trim().charAt(0); if (first == '@'){ var oldHTML = $(this).html(); var newHTML = oldHTML.replace('@', ''); $(this).html(newHTML); } }); function sortingTable(node, pos, ordBy){ var rows = node.children('tbody').children('tr').get(); rows.sort(function(a, b) { var X = $(a).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); var Y = $(b).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); if (numFormat != '.,'){ //we are dealing with a different locale and we need to do some //transformation in numbers X = convert2number(X); Y = convert2number(Y); } else { X = X.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); Y = Y.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); } var currencies = ['$', '¥', '£', '€']; var arrayLength = currencies.length; var XX = X; var YY = Y; for (var i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) { XX = XX.replace(currencies[i], ''); YY = YY.replace(currencies[i], ''); } if (!isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ var floatXX = parseFloat(XX); var floatYY = parseFloat(YY); return -(floatYY-floatXX) * ordBy; } else if (!isNaN(XX) && isNaN(YY)){ return -1 * ordBy; } else if (isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ return ordBy; } else { if(X < Y) { return -1 * ordBy; } if(X > Y) { return 1 * ordBy; } return 0; } }); $.each(rows, function(index, row) { node.children('tbody').append(row); }); } function removeTableCellDecoration() { $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").removeClass('sortDecorator'); } //unbind the click event just in case we are loading more than one document $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").off('click'); $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").click(function(){ removeTableCellDecoration(); $(this).addClass('sortDecorator'); //get desired ordering var ordering = $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering'); if (ordering == 'ASC'){ var ordBy = -1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'DESC'); } else { var ordBy = 1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'ASC'); } var cellPosition = $(this).prevAll().length; var table = $(this).parents('table:first'); sortingTable(table, cellPosition, ordBy); }); function convert2number(str) { str = str.trim(); if (str.match(/^\d+/)) { //we have to take special care when the thousand separators are '.' var result_0 = str.replace(/\./g, '_@_'); var result_1 = result_0.replace(window.numFormat[0], '.'); var result = result_1.replace(/_@_/g, ''); result .replace(/ /g, ''); return result; } else { return str; } } }(jQuery));
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