Practice Questions for CLAT PG Legal Knowledge

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Practice Questions for CLAT PG Legal KnowledgePASSAGE​​ (Excerpted from the judgment Secretary, Ministry of Defence v.​​ Babita Puniya and Others, 2020​​ )Courts are indeed conscious of the limitations which issues of national security and policy impose on the judicial evolution of doctrine in matters relating to the Armed forces. For this reason, we have noticed that the engagement of women in the Combat Arms has been specifically held to be a matter of policy by the judgment of the Delhi High Court and which is not in question in the present appeals. At the same time, we have adverted in some detail to the line of submissions urged before this Court. These submissions detract from the significant role which has been played by women SSC commissioned officers since their induction in 1992. The time has come for a realization that women officers in the Army are not adjuncts to a male dominated establishment whose presence must be “tolerated” within narrow confines. That in our view is not the manner in which the steps taken progressively by the Union Government to bring women into the mainstream of the Army (except the Combat Arms) can be viewed. The salient decision of the Union Government to extend PCs to women SSC officers in all ten streams in which they are commissioned is a step forward in recognising and realising the right of women to equality of opportunity in the Army. This marks a step towards realising the fundamental constitutional commitment to the equality and dignity of women.​​ There is fundamental fallacy in the distinction which has been sought to be drawn between women officers with less than fourteen years of service with those with service between fourteen and twenty years and above twenty years. The judgment of the Delhi High Court was rendered on 12 March 2010. Nearly a decade has elapsed since the date of the decision. The Union Government was duty bound to enforce the judgment of the Delhi High Court, the judgment not having been stayed during the pendency of these appeals. However, it failed to do so despite the categoric assertion by this Court in its order dated 2 September 2011 that what was stayed as an interim measure is the action for contempt and not the operation of the judgment. Having failed to enforce the judgment, the Union Government has now informed the Court that it would not consider women officers who have crossed the age of fourteen years in service as SSC​​ officers for the grant of PCs. This situation of women officers with service above fourteen years has come to pass plainly as a consequence of the failure of the Union Government to comply not only with the directions of the Delhi High Court but also those which were issued by this Court on 2 September 2011. In this view of the matter, we see no reason or justification to deprive SSC women officers of the grant of PCs on the ground that they have crossed fourteen years of service.QuestionsWhat direction did the Supreme Court issue in the mentioned case in relation to SSC women officers with over twenty years of service who are not granted PC?​​ Such officers could continue in service and would eventually retire without pension​​ Such officers could continue in service and would eventually retire with pension​​ Such officers would retire on pension in terms of the Union Government’s policy decisionSuch officers would retire without pension in terms of the Union Government’s policy decisionAns. cSecr.,Ministry Of Defence vs Babita Puniya​​ was delivered​​ on 17 February, 2020. The judgement was pronounced by a two judges bench and delivered by Justice​​ Chandrachud. Name the other judgeR NarimanHemant GuptaV. RamasubramanianN.V. RamanaAns. bWhat is the duration of SSC officers in Army?30 days45 days49 days51 daysAns. cIn the given case, what did the Supreme Court decide in relation to command appointments for women officers in the Indian Army?​​ A blanket non-consideration of women for command appointments absent an individuated justification was held to be unsustainable in law​​ Only women SSC officers who have served more than fourteen years may be considered for command appointments​​ Only women SSC officers who have served more than twenty years may be considered for command appointments​​ A blanket non-consideration of women for command appointments in the Indian Army would be permissible in lawAns. aSpecial Leave petitions are defined under which article of the Constitution?14232131136Ans. dArticle 33 of the Constitution empowers Parliament to determine by law the extent to which the rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution shall be restricted in their application inter alia to the members of the Armed Forces so as to ensure the proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline among them.​​ What should be kept in mind while imposing these restrictions by the parliament?restriction or abrogation must be by lawrestriction or abrogation must be on unanimous will of peoplerestriction or abrogation must be the Army code of conductall the aboveAns. a​​ What direction did the Supreme Court issue in the Babita Puniya SC case in relation to SSC women officers with more than fourteen years of service who do not opt for being considered for the grant of PCs?​​ That they would be entitled to continue in service until they attain twenty years of non-pensionable service​​ That they would be entitled to continue in service until they attain twenty years of pensionable service​​ That they would have to retire from service with immediate effect, but would be entitled to pension​​ That they would have to retire from service with immediate effect, but would not be entitled to pension​​ Ans. bIn Lt. Col. Prithi Pal Singh Bedi v Union of India, the legality of orders convening a General Court Martial and its composition was questioned.​​ What was contended by the court?Court martial is in violation of Article 21 so it should be abolishedCourt martial procedure must​​ satisfy the test prescribed by Articles 14 and 19 of the Constitution.Both a and bNone of the aboveAns. bWhich of the following cases relates to the extent and scope of judicial review available to the courts in relation to matters of command tenure in the armed forces?​​ Ram Sarup v. Union of India and Another, (1964)​​ R. Viswan and Others v. Union of India and Others, (1983)​​ Union of India and Another v. Lt. Col. P.K. Choudhary and Others, (2016)​​ Mohammed Ansari v. Union of India​​ and Others, (2017)​​ Ans. c​​ The Supreme Court has upheld​​ Command and Exit​​ policy in the case of UOI v. Lt Colonel Gautam Prasad (2016). What do you understand by it?It​​ is a positive discrimination policy followed in the Indian Armed Forces, where infantry and artillery officers are given priority over other armed forces division officers while giving promotionsIt is a negative​​ discrimination policy followed in the Indian Armed Forces, where infantry and artillery officers are given priority over other armed forces division officers while giving promotionsIt​​ is a positive discrimination policy followed in the Indian Armed Forces, where higher​​ and artillery officers are given priority over other armed forces division officers while giving promotionsIt is a negative​​ discrimination policy followed in the Indian Armed Forces, where higher​​ and artillery officers are given priority over other armed forces division officers while giving promotionsAns. a(function( $ ) { //footnotes $('.defaultNote').children(":first").css('cursor', 'pointer'); $('.defaultNote').children(":first").click(function(){ var gotoID = '#' + $(this).parent().attr('id'); $('html, body').animate( { scrollTop: $('a[href="' + gotoID + '"]').offset().top - 60, }, 250, 'linear' ) }); }(jQuery)); var numFormat = ",."; (function( $ ) { "use strict"; //do some cleaning on load var sortCells = $('td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]'); sortCells.each(function(){ var first = $(this).text().trim().charAt(0); if (first == '@'){ var oldHTML = $(this).html(); var newHTML = oldHTML.replace('@', ''); $(this).html(newHTML); } }); function sortingTable(node, pos, ordBy){ var rows = node.children('tbody').children('tr').get(); rows.sort(function(a, b) { var X = $(a).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); var Y = $(b).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); if (numFormat != '.,'){ //we are dealing with a different locale and we need to do some //transformation in numbers X = convert2number(X); Y = convert2number(Y); } else { X = X.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); Y = Y.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); } var currencies = ['$', '¥', '£', '€']; var arrayLength = currencies.length; var XX = X; var YY = Y; for (var i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) { XX = XX.replace(currencies[i], ''); YY = YY.replace(currencies[i], ''); } if (!isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ var floatXX = parseFloat(XX); var floatYY = parseFloat(YY); return -(floatYY-floatXX) * ordBy; } else if (!isNaN(XX) && isNaN(YY)){ return -1 * ordBy; } else if (isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ return ordBy; } else { if(X < Y) { return -1 * ordBy; } if(X > Y) { return 1 * ordBy; } return 0; } }); $.each(rows, function(index, row) { node.children('tbody').append(row); }); } function removeTableCellDecoration() { $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").removeClass('sortDecorator'); } //unbind the click event just in case we are loading more than one document $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").off('click'); $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").click(function(){ removeTableCellDecoration(); $(this).addClass('sortDecorator'); //get desired ordering var ordering = $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering'); if (ordering == 'ASC'){ var ordBy = -1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'DESC'); } else { var ordBy = 1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'ASC'); } var cellPosition = $(this).prevAll().length; var table = $(this).parents('table:first'); sortingTable(table, cellPosition, ordBy); }); function convert2number(str) { str = str.trim(); if (str.match(/^\d+/)) { //we have to take special care when the thousand separators are '.' var result_0 = str.replace(/\./g, '_@_'); var result_1 = result_0.replace(window.numFormat[0], '.'); var result = result_1.replace(/_@_/g, ''); result .replace(/ /g, ''); return result; } else { return str; } } }(jQuery));