Practice Questions on Group Liability under Indian Law

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Practice Questions on Group Liability under Indian LawCommon intention under section 34 implies:Similar intentionPre arranged planningPresence of common knowledgeCommon design for common objectAns. bRationale: common intention is the pre arranged plan between the two. There must be prior meeting of minds to do a particular act together.Imputed criminal liability principle is laid down in which of the following provisions?Section 34 IPCSection 34 and 149 IPCSection 149 IPCSection 108A IPCAns. bRationale: The principle of vicarious/joint liability is stated in section 34 and 149 of IPC. They deal with constructive liability i.e. liability of all for the acts of one or some of them.The principle of common intention applies when:At least 5 persons involvedAt least 2 persons involvedAt least 1 person involvedNone of the aboveAns. bRationale: common intention is framed with another person i.e. a person alone cannot pursue common intention. Thus at least 2 persons are required to form common intention.Joint criminal liability based on common intention requires that:Criminal act is done by more than one personThere is a common intention among the accused personsThe accused has a participating presence is commission of the crimeAll the aboveAns. dRationale: a person shall be held jointly liable if there is a prior concert of mind and there is actual participation which can be of passive character.When a criminal act is done​​ by several persons in furtherance of common intention of all, each one of them is liable?For an attempt to commit the actFor the abetment of the actOnly for the part each one has doneAs if it was done by each one of them in singular capacityAns. dRationale: if the criminal act is done in furtherance of common each of them shall be liable as if the act was done by him alone.(A): ‘X’ and ‘Y’ had independently entertained the idea to kill ‘Z’. Accordingly each of them separately inflicted wounds on Z who dies in consequence. ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are liable for murder with the aid of Section 34 IPC(R): When a criminal act is done by several persons in furtherance of common intention of all, each one of them is liable as if it was done by each one of them in singular capacity.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)(A) is true but (R) is false(A) is false but (R) is trueAns. dRationale: X and Y had similar intention but did not have prior concert of mind thus they cannot be liable for murder together with the aid of section 34 IPC.What is the difference between section 34 and 149 IPC?Section 34 creates a specific offence whereas section 149 does notSection 34 as well as section 149 create specific offencesSection 149 creates a specific offence whereas section 34 does notSection 34 as well as section 149 does not create specific offencesAns. cRationale: section 34 is a rule of evidence and does not create a substantive offence. Section 149​​ punishes for being a member of unlawful assembly.It was alleged that ‘L’, ‘M’, ‘N’, ‘P’, ‘Q’ and ‘R’ with common object of taking forcible possession of land belonging to ‘Y’ entered his land, ‘P’ caused grievous hurt to ‘Y’ for the purpose​​ of taking such possession. Presence of ‘Q’ and ‘R’ was doubted by the court.​​ Which one of the following statement is correct in this regard?L, M, N are guilty of offence committed by ‘P’ on the basis of section 149 IPCL, M, N are guilty of unlawful assemblyL, M, N are guilty on the basis of section 34 IPCL, M, N are not guilty at allAns. cRationale: L, M, N entered the land of Y with a common intention of taking forcible possession. Thus they shall be held liable together under section 34 IPC.Which one of the following is punishable as sedition?Inducing people to cease to obey law and lawful authorityA publicist attack on policies of the GovernmentBitter criticism of the Government to overthrow itAn attempt to remove the Minister from powerAns. aRationale: Any form of communication which brings or attempts to bring any hatred or excites disaffection towards the Government of India shall be liable for the offence of sedition.‘A’ sent through the post office, a packet containing seditious publications, with a covering letter requesting the addressee to circulate it to others. It was intercepted and never reached the addressee. ‘A’ :Committed the offence of seditionDid not commit any offenceIs guilty of inciting communal riotIs guilty of an attempt to commit seditionAns. dRationale: Any form of communication which brings or attempts to bring any hatred or excites disaffection towards the Government of India shall be liable for the offence of sedition but since the letter never reached the addressee it shall be an attempt to commit sedition.  (function( $ ) { //footnotes $('.defaultNote').children(":first").css('cursor', 'pointer'); $('.defaultNote').children(":first").click(function(){ var gotoID = '#' + $(this).parent().attr('id'); $('html, body').animate( { scrollTop: $('a[href="' + gotoID + '"]').offset().top - 60, }, 250, 'linear' ) }); }(jQuery)); var numFormat = ",."; (function( $ ) { "use strict"; //do some cleaning on load var sortCells = $('td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]'); sortCells.each(function(){ var first = $(this).text().trim().charAt(0); if (first == '@'){ var oldHTML = $(this).html(); var newHTML = oldHTML.replace('@', ''); $(this).html(newHTML); } }); function sortingTable(node, pos, ordBy){ var rows = node.children('tbody').children('tr').get(); rows.sort(function(a, b) { var X = $(a).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); var Y = $(b).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); if (numFormat != '.,'){ //we are dealing with a different locale and we need to do some //transformation in numbers X = convert2number(X); Y = convert2number(Y); } else { X = X.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); Y = Y.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); } var currencies = ['$', '¥', '£', '€']; var arrayLength = currencies.length; var XX = X; var YY = Y; for (var i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) { XX = XX.replace(currencies[i], ''); YY = YY.replace(currencies[i], ''); } if (!isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ var floatXX = parseFloat(XX); var floatYY = parseFloat(YY); return -(floatYY-floatXX) * ordBy; } else if (!isNaN(XX) && isNaN(YY)){ return -1 * ordBy; } else if (isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ return ordBy; } else { if(X < Y) { return -1 * ordBy; } if(X > Y) { return 1 * ordBy; } return 0; } }); $.each(rows, function(index, row) { node.children('tbody').append(row); }); } function removeTableCellDecoration() { $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").removeClass('sortDecorator'); } //unbind the click event just in case we are loading more than one document $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").off('click'); $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").click(function(){ removeTableCellDecoration(); $(this).addClass('sortDecorator'); //get desired ordering var ordering = $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering'); if (ordering == 'ASC'){ var ordBy = -1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'DESC'); } else { var ordBy = 1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'ASC'); } var cellPosition = $(this).prevAll().length; var table = $(this).parents('table:first'); sortingTable(table, cellPosition, ordBy); }); function convert2number(str) { str = str.trim(); if (str.match(/^\d+/)) { //we have to take special care when the thousand separators are '.' var result_0 = str.replace(/\./g, '_@_'); var result_1 = result_0.replace(window.numFormat[0], '.'); var result = result_1.replace(/_@_/g, ''); result .replace(/ /g, ''); return result; } else { return str; } } }(jQuery));