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Quantitative Techniques: Percentages for CLAT 2020

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Aditya Anand
6 January 202040 min read
Percentages for CLAT 2020
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  Before diving in the concepts​​ of Percentages, I would like you to familiarize with the reciprocals of numbers from 1 to 30. You might think that you are good at calculations and you can solve questions without these shortcut conversion numbers, but believe me, saving even 10 seconds of calculation in the exam can do wonders for your other sections.List of reciprocals in terms of percentages:1/2 = 50%​​ 1/3 = 33.33% 1/4 = 25%1/5 = 20%1/6 = 16.66% 1/7 = 14.2857%1/8 = 12.5%1/9 = 11.11% 1/10 = 10% 1/11 = 9.09%1/12 = 8.33%1/13 = 7.69%1/14 = 7.1428%1/15 = 6.67%1/16 = 6.25%1/17 = 5.88%1/18 = 5.55%1/19 = 5.25%1/20 = 5%1/21 = 4.75%1/22 = 4.54%​​  Similarly, find the reciprocals of numbers till 30 and remember them.​​ Some tricks to remember the above reciprocals are:1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 so on; if you observe the series closely you will see the pattern of multiple of 2 in the denominator and hence percentages increases as​​ the​​ division of 2 happens with every added 2.​​ 1/9 and 1/11 have each other as there reciprocals.Reciprocal of 1/7 has 6 digits (142857) which rotate as the numerator changes to multiple of 7. i.e., 2/7 = 28.5714%.If you add 0.25 in reciprocal of 20 you will get reciprocal of 19 while if you subtract 0.25 from reciprocal of 20 you will get reciprocal of 21.Note: “Also other than these reciprocals you will need to have the idea about the tables of these reciprocals (2/3, 4/7 etc)”Percentages:​​ Break the word​​ and​​ you will see it is made of Per+Cent i.e., Cent means 100 thus per cent means part per 100. It is expressed as x% which means x part of a hundred.Ex:​​ (A)​​ 25% of 100 means 25/100*100= 25 out of 100.(B) 25 per cent of 164 = (25/100)*164 =41Suppose​​ you need to find “a” per cent of “b”; this would mean you need to find a/100 of b i.e.,​​ (a*b/100). ​​ How to find what per cent of x is y:​​ we have to find what part of x is y, therefore x would be base in such a case. ​​ And the formula for the same would be​​ (y/x)*100Change in Percentage:​​ When we need to check what is the percentage change from the initial value, for that we will take the initial value(x) at the base and new value(y) at the numerator, therefore the formula would be​​ (new value/initial value)*100​​ or​​ (y/x)*100Relative percentage concept:​​ When​​ two or more quantities percentage are compared then it is considered as a Relative percentage.Example:​​ P’s income is 25% more than Q, then what per cent Q’s income is less than P’s income.Solution:​​ Let Q’s income be 100, 20% of 100 would be 20 (1/5 of 100), therefore P’s income would be 100+25 = 125.​​ Now​​ we need​​ to find how much Q’s income is less than P, in such a case​​ Remember if one​​ quantity is more than other by x than the same cannot be less than the earlier one​​ by x because the base is different in both the cases.​​ Here when the​​ comparison is with P then the base will be P and numerator will have the difference in the income of P and Q.i.e., (25/125)*100 = (1/5) *100 = 20%Hence, Q’s income would be 20% less than P’s income.​​ From​​ the​​ above example, we can derive a formula for such cases that would have the difference at numerator and base would be given per cent + 100 i.e., x*100/(100+x)​​ Increase​​ in percentage:​​ If x is increased by y per cent than,​​ first​​ find y per cent of x then add that to x.y per cent of x is (y*x)/100,​​ increased value = x+(x*y)/100   ​​ ​​​​ =​​ x(1+​​ y/100)Decrease in percentage:​​ If x is decreased by y per cent than,​​ first​​ find y per cent of x then subtract that from x.​​ y per cent of x is (y*x)/100,decreased value = x-(x*y)/100    ​​ ​​ ​​​​ =​​ x(1-y/100)Price and Quantity adjustment:​​ If price or quantity increase/decrease by x% then per cent increment/deduction​​ to bring it back to the original point is​​ x*100/(100+x)Successive Percentage change:​​ When​​ there is successive percentage increment of any quantity by a% and b% then we use the formula (a+b+(a*b/100))%  ​​   (function( $ ) { //footnotes $('.defaultNote').children(":first").css('cursor', 'pointer'); $('.defaultNote').children(":first").click(function(){ var gotoID = '#' + $(this).parent().attr('id'); $('html, body').animate( { scrollTop: $('a[href="' + gotoID + '"]').offset().top - 60, }, 250, 'linear' ) }); }(jQuery)); var numFormat = ",."; (function( $ ) { "use strict"; //do some cleaning on load var sortCells = $('td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]'); sortCells.each(function(){ var first = $(this).text().trim().charAt(0); if (first == '@'){ var oldHTML = $(this).html(); var newHTML = oldHTML.replace('@', ''); $(this).html(newHTML); } }); function sortingTable(node, pos, ordBy){ var rows = node.children('tbody').children('tr').get(); rows.sort(function(a, b) { var X = $(a).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); var Y = $(b).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); if (numFormat != '.,'){ //we are dealing with a different locale and we need to do some //transformation in numbers X = convert2number(X); Y = convert2number(Y); } else { X = X.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); Y = Y.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); } var currencies = ['$', '¥', '£', '€']; var arrayLength = currencies.length; var XX = X; var YY = Y; for (var i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) { XX = XX.replace(currencies[i], ''); YY = YY.replace(currencies[i], ''); } if (!isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ var floatXX = parseFloat(XX); var floatYY = parseFloat(YY); return -(floatYY-floatXX) * ordBy; } else if (!isNaN(XX) && isNaN(YY)){ return -1 * ordBy; } else if (isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ return ordBy; } else { if(X < Y) { return -1 * ordBy; } if(X > Y) { return 1 * ordBy; } return 0; } }); $.each(rows, function(index, row) { node.children('tbody').append(row); }); } function removeTableCellDecoration() { $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").removeClass('sortDecorator'); } //unbind the click event just in case we are loading more than one document $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").off('click'); $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").click(function(){ removeTableCellDecoration(); $(this).addClass('sortDecorator'); //get desired ordering var ordering = $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering'); if (ordering == 'ASC'){ var ordBy = -1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'DESC'); } else { var ordBy = 1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'ASC'); } var cellPosition = $(this).prevAll().length; var table = $(this).parents('table:first'); sortingTable(table, cellPosition, ordBy); }); function convert2number(str) { str = str.trim(); if (str.match(/^\d+/)) { //we have to take special care when the thousand separators are '.' var result_0 = str.replace(/\./g, '_@_'); var result_1 = result_0.replace(window.numFormat[0], '.'); var result = result_1.replace(/_@_/g, ''); result .replace(/ /g, ''); return result; } else { return str; } } }(jQuery));
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