1. In MC Mehta v. Union of India (Oleum Gas Leak case, 1987), the Supreme Court evolved which principle of liability?
a. Strict liability under Rylands v. Fletcher
b. Absolute liability without exceptions
c. Vicarious liability of the State
d. Polluter pays principle
b. Absolute liability without exceptions
c. Vicarious liability of the State
d. Polluter pays principle
Correct Answer: b
Explanation: The Court developed the doctrine of absolute liability for hazardous industries, stricter than Rylands v. Fletcher, allowing no exceptions such as act of God or third-party intervention.
Explanation: The Court developed the doctrine of absolute liability for hazardous industries, stricter than Rylands v. Fletcher, allowing no exceptions such as act of God or third-party intervention.
2. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has jurisdiction under which of the following statutes?
a. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
b. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
c. Both (a) and (b) along with others specified
d. None, it only has advisory powers
b. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
c. Both (a) and (b) along with others specified
d. None, it only has advisory powers
Correct Answer: c
Explanation: The NGT exercises jurisdiction over disputes arising under seven statutes, including the Air Act, Water Act, and Environment Protection Act. It has adjudicatory, not merely advisory powers.
Explanation: The NGT exercises jurisdiction over disputes arising under seven statutes, including the Air Act, Water Act, and Environment Protection Act. It has adjudicatory, not merely advisory powers.
3. Under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, which of the following is a valid ground for divorce?
a. Conversion to another religion
b. Incompatibility of temperament
c. Marrying without parental consent
d. Mere non-consummation of marriage without physical incapacity
b. Incompatibility of temperament
c. Marrying without parental consent
d. Mere non-consummation of marriage without physical incapacity
Correct Answer: a
Explanation: Section 13 provides conversion to another religion as a valid ground for divorce. Incompatibility and lack of parental consent are not statutory grounds.
Explanation: Section 13 provides conversion to another religion as a valid ground for divorce. Incompatibility and lack of parental consent are not statutory grounds.
4. Which principle was emphasized in Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar (1991) with respect to Article 21?
a. Right to education
b. Right to livelihood
c. Right to a wholesome environment
d. Right to information
a. Right to education
b. Right to livelihood
c. Right to a wholesome environment
d. Right to information
Correct Answer: c
Explanation: The Court held that the right to a wholesome environment is part of Article 21, thereby expanding the scope of the right to life to include environmental protection.
Explanation: The Court held that the right to a wholesome environment is part of Article 21, thereby expanding the scope of the right to life to include environmental protection.
5. Under the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939, which of the following is not a recognized ground for a Muslim woman to seek divorce?
a. Husband’s failure to provide maintenance for two years
b. Husband’s imprisonment for seven years or more
c. Husband’s contracting a second marriage
d. Husband’s failure to perform conjugal obligations for six months
b. Husband’s imprisonment for seven years or more
c. Husband’s contracting a second marriage
d. Husband’s failure to perform conjugal obligations for six months
Correct Answer: c
Explanation: The Act does not list second marriage as a ground for dissolution. However, it recognizes grounds like failure to provide maintenance, imprisonment, and non-performance of conjugal obligations.
Explanation: The Act does not list second marriage as a ground for dissolution. However, it recognizes grounds like failure to provide maintenance, imprisonment, and non-performance of conjugal obligations.
6. The “Public Trust Doctrine” in Indian environmental law was first expressly recognized in which case?
a. Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India (1996)
b. MC Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)
c. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996)
d. Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P. (1985)
b. MC Mehta v. Kamal Nath (1997)
c. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996)
d. Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P. (1985)
Correct Answer: b
Explanation: In MC Mehta v. Kamal Nath, the Court explicitly recognized the public trust doctrine, holding that natural resources like rivers and forests are held in trust by the State for public use.
Explanation: In MC Mehta v. Kamal Nath, the Court explicitly recognized the public trust doctrine, holding that natural resources like rivers and forests are held in trust by the State for public use.
7. In Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017), the Supreme Court struck down which practice as unconstitutional?
a. Polygamy
b. Nikah halala
c. Triple talaq (talaq-e-biddat)
d. Mut’a marriage
b. Nikah halala
c. Triple talaq (talaq-e-biddat)
d. Mut’a marriage
Correct Answer: c
Explanation: The Court in Shayara Bano declared instant triple talaq unconstitutional, holding it violated Articles 14, 15, and 21. Other practices like polygamy and nikah halala were not struck down in this case.
Explanation: The Court in Shayara Bano declared instant triple talaq unconstitutional, holding it violated Articles 14, 15, and 21. Other practices like polygamy and nikah halala were not struck down in this case.
8. The “precautionary principle” in environmental law requires that:
a. Action is taken only after harm occurs.
b. The burden of proof lies on those who want to prevent industrial activity.
c. Preventive measures must be taken where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, even without full scientific certainty.
d. States cannot regulate industries unless international consensus is reached.
b. The burden of proof lies on those who want to prevent industrial activity.
c. Preventive measures must be taken where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, even without full scientific certainty.
d. States cannot regulate industries unless international consensus is reached.
Correct Answer: c
Explanation: The precautionary principle mandates that where there are risks of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty cannot be a reason for postponing preventive action.
Explanation: The precautionary principle mandates that where there are risks of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty cannot be a reason for postponing preventive action.
9. Under the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, daughters have been given:
a. The right to maintenance only
b. Coparcenary rights equal to sons in joint family property
c. No rights in ancestral property
d. A right subject to father’s discretion
b. Coparcenary rights equal to sons in joint family property
c. No rights in ancestral property
d. A right subject to father’s discretion
Correct Answer: b
Explanation: The 2005 amendment conferred equal coparcenary rights on daughters, placing them at par with sons in rights and liabilities within joint family property governed by Mitakshara law.
Explanation: The 2005 amendment conferred equal coparcenary rights on daughters, placing them at par with sons in rights and liabilities within joint family property governed by Mitakshara law.
10. Which contemporary legal issue was addressed in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)?
a. Right to freedom of press
b. Right to internet access
c. Right to privacy as a fundamental right
d. Right to clean drinking water
b. Right to internet access
c. Right to privacy as a fundamental right
d. Right to clean drinking water
Correct Answer: c
Explanation: A nine-judge bench in Puttaswamy held that the right to privacy is a fundamental right under Article 21, laying the foundation for challenges to Aadhaar and data protection issues.
Explanation: A nine-judge bench in Puttaswamy held that the right to privacy is a fundamental right under Article 21, laying the foundation for challenges to Aadhaar and data protection issues.
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Ruchika Mohapatra
Contributing author
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