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Practice Paper on General Exceptions IPC: Necessity, Trifles and Communication in Good Faith

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Aditya Anand
16 April 202043 min read
Practice Paper on General Exceptions IPC: Necessity, Trifles and Communication in Good Faith
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Practice Paper on​​ General Exceptions IPC: Necessity, Trifles and Communication in Good FaithIn which of the following cases ‘necessity’ cannot be pleaded as a defence?Self defence and prevention of violencePrevention of harm to the accused at the expense of an innocent personSelf preservation is an absolute necessityChoice of evils affecting person other than the accusedAns. bRationale:​​ Taking another’s life in order preserve his own is not a right given to anyone​​ under the defence of necessityThe case of​​ QUEEN V. DUDLEY AND STEPHEN​​ is known for its use as criminal defence of:NecessitySelf defenceGood faithMistake of factAns. aRationale:​​ In the case of​​ QUEEN V. DUDLEY AND STEPHEN 1884​​ the court laid down the following principles:​​ Self-preservation is not an absolute necessity, taking another’s life in order preserve his own is not a right given to anyone​​ and homicide cannot be justified by any necessity‘X’ and ‘Y’ swimming in the sea, after a shipwreck got hold of a plank. The plank was not large enough to support both ‘X’ with no other option, pushed ‘Y’ who was drowned. ‘X’ has committed:Culpable homicideMurderThe offence of causing death by negligenceNo offenceAns. dRationale: the act of X was impulsive and there was no planning element attached to it. X only intended to save his own life without any criminal intention towards Y. Thus he shall not be liable for any offence​​ There is a fire in a particular locality. ‘A’ who sees this fire, pulls down houses of others, in order to prevent the conflagration from spreading and with the purpose of​​ saving human life and property. In​​ this case:‘A’ will be guilty of the offence of mischief as he pulls down houses of others‘A’ will not be criminally liable as he wanted to bring benefit to the others‘A’ will not be liable for any offence as he has done it for preventing other more dangerous harms to persons and their properties‘A’ will be guilty as he intentionally caused damage to the property​​ of othersAns. c​​ Rationale: under the defence of necessity a smaller harm can be done to prevent a greater harm but not a greater harm to prevent a smaller harm.An act which would otherwise be crime may in some cases be excused if the person accused of it shows that all exceptIt was done only in order to avoid consequencesNothing was done than was reasonably necessaryThe evil inflicted was not disproportion to the evil avoidedNone of the aboveAns. bRationale: An act which would otherwise be a crime may in some cases be excused if the person accused can show that it was done only in order to avoid consequences which could otherwise be avoided and which if they had followed would have inflicted upon him or others whom he was bound to protect inevitable and irreparable evil that no more was done than was reasonably, necessary for that purpose and that evil inflicted by it was not disproportionate to the evil avoided.‘Necessity’ as a defence cannot be claimed when the act has been doneWith good faithWithout criminal intentWith inherent risk of causing harmFor avoiding other greater harmAns. cRationale: necessity can be claimed as a defence when the act is done for avoiding greater harm under good faith.‘X’ a surgeon​​ amputates​​ the right hand index finger of ‘Y’, a 14 year old beggar, with Y’s consent and in good faith that this would enable ‘Y’ to get more alms:‘X’ commits no offence as the act was done with the consent of ‘Y’X’ commits no offence as the consent of a child of 14 years is of no availX’ commits no offence as the act was done in good faith for the benefit of Y‘X’ is not exempted from criminal liability as the act was not done in good faith within the meaning of IPCAns. dRationale: good faith is to be exercised with reasonable care and caution for the genuine benefits of a person. Herein the act of amputating index finger for monetary benefits is not protected under lawA​​ person,​​ who is not qualified as a medical practitioner, performed an operation with the consent of patient. The patient died. Which one of the following grounds will be most appropriate to determine his liability?Volenti non fit injuria​​ is a complete defenceHe has no intention to kill and has performed operation in good faithHe has earlier done similar operations with a successAs he is not a medical practitioner and is unskilled the plea of consent and good faith will not be availableAns. dRationale: an unskilled person cannot plead good faith when he knowingly performs a task which could be detrimental to others.​​ ‘A’, a surgeon, in good faith, communicates to a patient his opinion that he cannot live. The patient dies in consequence of the shock.​​ ‘A’ is guilty of:MurderCausing death by negligenceCulpable homicideNo offenceAns. dRationale:​​ ‘A’​​ has committed no offence, though he knew it to be likely that the communication​​ might cause the patient’s death because it was necessary to communicate the same to the patient for his benefit and he exercised reasonable care in doing so.​​ ‘X’ a doctor informs his patient ‘Y’ that he as cancer which is in its last stage. ‘X’ requests ‘Y’ to arrange his family affairs as he cannot survive for more than a couple of weeks. ‘Y’ dies because of shock on hearing this. ‘X’ is:Guilty of murderNot guiltyGuilty of causing death by negligenceGuilty of culpable homicideAns. bRationale: the communication was made in good faith for the benefit of Y thus X shall not be liable.   (function( $ ) { //footnotes $('.defaultNote').children(":first").css('cursor', 'pointer'); $('.defaultNote').children(":first").click(function(){ var gotoID = '#' + $(this).parent().attr('id'); $('html, body').animate( { scrollTop: $('a[href="' + gotoID + '"]').offset().top - 60, }, 250, 'linear' ) }); }(jQuery)); var numFormat = ",."; (function( $ ) { "use strict"; //do some cleaning on load var sortCells = $('td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]'); sortCells.each(function(){ var first = $(this).text().trim().charAt(0); if (first == '@'){ var oldHTML = $(this).html(); var newHTML = oldHTML.replace('@', ''); $(this).html(newHTML); } }); function sortingTable(node, pos, ordBy){ var rows = node.children('tbody').children('tr').get(); rows.sort(function(a, b) { var X = $(a).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); var Y = $(b).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); if (numFormat != '.,'){ //we are dealing with a different locale and we need to do some //transformation in numbers X = convert2number(X); Y = convert2number(Y); } else { X = X.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); Y = Y.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); } var currencies = ['$', '¥', '£', '€']; var arrayLength = currencies.length; var XX = X; var YY = Y; for (var i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) { XX = XX.replace(currencies[i], ''); YY = YY.replace(currencies[i], ''); } if (!isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ var floatXX = parseFloat(XX); var floatYY = parseFloat(YY); return -(floatYY-floatXX) * ordBy; } else if (!isNaN(XX) && isNaN(YY)){ return -1 * ordBy; } else if (isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ return ordBy; } else { if(X < Y) { return -1 * ordBy; } if(X > Y) { return 1 * ordBy; } return 0; } }); $.each(rows, function(index, row) { node.children('tbody').append(row); }); } function removeTableCellDecoration() { $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").removeClass('sortDecorator'); } //unbind the click event just in case we are loading more than one document $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").off('click'); $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").click(function(){ removeTableCellDecoration(); $(this).addClass('sortDecorator'); //get desired ordering var ordering = $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering'); if (ordering == 'ASC'){ var ordBy = -1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'DESC'); } else { var ordBy = 1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'ASC'); } var cellPosition = $(this).prevAll().length; var table = $(this).parents('table:first'); sortingTable(table, cellPosition, ordBy); }); function convert2number(str) { str = str.trim(); if (str.match(/^\d+/)) { //we have to take special care when the thousand separators are '.' var result_0 = str.replace(/\./g, '_@_'); var result_1 = result_0.replace(window.numFormat[0], '.'); var result = result_1.replace(/_@_/g, ''); result .replace(/ /g, ''); return result; } else { return str; } } }(jQuery));
Read our previous post on offences against property under ipc here.
Take our test on offences against property under ipc here.
Read our post on the Landmark Judgements of 2019-2020.
Read our post on Elements of Crime.
Read CLATapult’s post on offer and acceptance here. Also, try their mocks for more legal reasoning practice questions.
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