Primer on Jurisprudential Rights and Duties for CLAT PG

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Primer on Jurisprudential Rights and Duties for CLAT PGLaw consists of certain types of Rules regulating human conduct and that the administration of justice is concerned with enforcing the rights and duties created by such rules.​​ In legal terms a right is an interest recognised and protected by the State and enforceable through the court of law. A right is enforceable only to the extent it is protected by the State.​​ A legal right must be distinguished from a moral or natural right. According to Salmond, “a right is an interest recognized and protected by rules of right that is by legal rules. It is an interest respect for which is a duty and disregard of which is a wrong.​​ Right is a generic term and is manifested in individual instances as claim, liberty, power and immunity.​​ Following are the theories of Right:Will theory- according to this theory, the purpose of law is to grant the individual the means of self-expression. It allows the free expression of citizen’s will. The will theory has been opposed by Duguit. According to him, the basis of law is the objective fact of social solidarity and the subjective will.Interest theory- according to this theory, the basis of right is interest and not will. The propounder of this theory is German jurist Ihering. According to him law always has a purpose.Legal rights may be classified as follows:Perfect and imperfect rights- a perfect right means a right which has a correlative duty that can be legally enforced. An imperfect right is one which although recognized by law is not enforceable such as the claims barred by time.Rights in re Propria and Rights in re Aliena​​ Rights in re Propria means the rights in one’s own things. Rights in re Aliena are the rights in the things of other, also called the encumbrances.Proprietary and Personal RightsProprietary rights are rights in relation to one’s own property which consists of things, assets in possession or ownership of a person. Personal rights are rights relating to one’s person or body.Right in Rem and Right in PersonamRight in Rem means a right available against the whole world. A right in personam is available against a definite person or persons.DutyAccording to Salmond a duty is roughly speaking an act which one ought to do, an act the opposite of which would be wrong.​​ A duty means that some person has to do something or abstain from doing something in favour of another person.POWER ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ IMMUNITY              ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ LIABILITY  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ DISABILITYCLAIM ​​ LIBERTY  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​      DUTY  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ NO-CLAIM​​ Hohfeld set forth eight fundamental conceptions in the form of jural correlatives and opposites. Later professor GL Williams added one more relation i.e. jural contradictories.    Jural correlatives (vertical arrows and read both ways) - in one person X implies the presence of its correlative in another person Y e.g. liberty in X implies the presence of no claim in Y and vice versa.​​ Jural opposites (diagonal arrows and read both ways) – in one person X implies the absence of its opposite in himself X. Claim in X implies the absence of no claim in himself and vice versaJural contradictories (horizontal arrows and read both ways) – in one person X implies the absence of its contradictory in another person Y. Claim in X implies absence of liberty in Y and vice versa.Claim- Duty Relations (You Ought)The correlation of claim and duty is not perfect. On the one hand every claim implies the existence of correlative duty and on other hand every duty must have a correlative claim.Liberty – No Claim Relation (I May)Hohfeld distinguished the freedom of a person has to do or not do something from claim and called it ‘privilege’ but the term liberty is preferred. A claim implies a correlative duty but a liberty does not. Following are the type liberty:Recognised by law. They include parliamentary and judicial privilegesRecognised by law on special occasions i.e. the normal duty not to do something is replaced in the circumstances by the liberty to do it.Created by parties themselves.Power- Liability Relation (I Can)Power denotes ability in person to alter the existing legal condition whether of oneself or of another for better or for worse. Liability is the correlative of power denotes the position of a person whose legal condition can be so altered.Immunity- Disability (You Cannot)Immunity can be defined as a freedom on the part of one person against having a given legal relation altered by a given act or omission on the part of another person. Disability means absence of Power. If X is immune from taxation, the revenue authorities have no power to place him under a duty to pay.​​ Distinction between Claim and PowerA claim is always a sign that some other person is required to conform to a pattern of conduct; a power is the ability to produce certain result. The power itself has no duty correlative to it. One’s right to make a will corresponds to do duty in anyone else. Immunity is not necessarily protected by a duty in another person not to attempt an invasion of it.Distinction between Claim, Liberty and PowerA claim is always a sign that some other person is required to conform to a pattern of conduct, a power is the ability to produce a certain result.Powers differs from claims in as much as they have no duties corresponding to them. One’s right to make a will corresponds to do duty in anyone else.Distinction between duty and liabilityIf A deposits or lends a thing to Y, there is no duty in Y to restore until X makes a demand. Before such demand is made Y is under a liability to be placed under the duty. The demand itself is the exercise of a power. (function( $ ) { //footnotes $('.defaultNote').children(":first").css('cursor', 'pointer'); $('.defaultNote').children(":first").click(function(){ var gotoID = '#' + $(this).parent().attr('id'); $('html, body').animate( { scrollTop: $('a[href="' + gotoID + '"]').offset().top - 60, }, 250, 'linear' ) }); }(jQuery)); var numFormat = ",."; (function( $ ) { "use strict"; //do some cleaning on load var sortCells = $('td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]'); sortCells.each(function(){ var first = $(this).text().trim().charAt(0); if (first == '@'){ var oldHTML = $(this).html(); var newHTML = oldHTML.replace('@', ''); $(this).html(newHTML); } }); function sortingTable(node, pos, ordBy){ var rows = node.children('tbody').children('tr').get(); rows.sort(function(a, b) { var X = $(a).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); var Y = $(b).children('td').eq(pos).text().toUpperCase(); if (numFormat != '.,'){ //we are dealing with a different locale and we need to do some //transformation in numbers X = convert2number(X); Y = convert2number(Y); } else { X = X.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); Y = Y.replace(/,/g, '').replace(/ /g, ''); } var currencies = ['$', '¥', '£', '€']; var arrayLength = currencies.length; var XX = X; var YY = Y; for (var i = 0; i < arrayLength; i++) { XX = XX.replace(currencies[i], ''); YY = YY.replace(currencies[i], ''); } if (!isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ var floatXX = parseFloat(XX); var floatYY = parseFloat(YY); return -(floatYY-floatXX) * ordBy; } else if (!isNaN(XX) && isNaN(YY)){ return -1 * ordBy; } else if (isNaN(XX) && !isNaN(YY)){ return ordBy; } else { if(X < Y) { return -1 * ordBy; } if(X > Y) { return 1 * ordBy; } return 0; } }); $.each(rows, function(index, row) { node.children('tbody').append(row); }); } function removeTableCellDecoration() { $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").removeClass('sortDecorator'); } //unbind the click event just in case we are loading more than one document $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").off('click'); $("td[data-sorting], th[data-sorting]").click(function(){ removeTableCellDecoration(); $(this).addClass('sortDecorator'); //get desired ordering var ordering = $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering'); if (ordering == 'ASC'){ var ordBy = -1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'DESC'); } else { var ordBy = 1; $(this).attr('data-sortOrdering', 'ASC'); } var cellPosition = $(this).prevAll().length; var table = $(this).parents('table:first'); sortingTable(table, cellPosition, ordBy); }); function convert2number(str) { str = str.trim(); if (str.match(/^\d+/)) { //we have to take special care when the thousand separators are '.' var result_0 = str.replace(/\./g, '_@_'); var result_1 = result_0.replace(window.numFormat[0], '.'); var result = result_1.replace(/_@_/g, ''); result .replace(/ /g, ''); return result; } else { return str; } } }(jQuery));