Questions on Legal Reasoning for CLAT 2020

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Questions on Legal Reasoning for CLAT 2020 Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow-  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ Passage I‘Appellate court-itis’, a disease that has plagued India. The term was recently used by Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, in a webinar, to refer to the growing trust of people in the appellate judiciary. This, coupled with the relatively lower rate of disposal of cases in subordinate courts, as compared to appellate courts, compels us to ponder upon efficiency of the lower judiciary.Apart from data regarding number of cases, appeals and disposals, the problem also concerns the way justice is delivered. The case of Rishiteswari – as an example for the need to revamp the lower courts – shows that although today we have a dedicated legislative framework in place, the subordinate courts often fail to provide justice​​ particularly in matters involving the​​ Prevention of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO). Rishiteswari was a student of Bachelor of Architecture at Acharya Nagarjuna University (ANU) who died by suicide on July 14, 2015. She had been a victim of sexual harassment and ragging. Initially, a case had been filed against three of her seniors who were charged under various sections of IPC, POCSO and Andhra Pradesh Prohibition of Ragging Act. A​​ high-level committee was constituted, headed by retired IAS officer Balasubrahmanyam and comprising four other members. Its findings pointed towards the involvement of some other senior students and accused the principal of not taking action, amounting to ‘illegal omission’. The case was initially heard by the Special Court established under Section 28(1) of POCSO. Though these courts are equivalent to Sessions Courts for some purposes, they have also been conferred power to take cognisance of such cases upon filing of police reports and have authority similar to that of a magistrate. This special framework has been designed to enable speedy justice.The judge appallingly refused to take cognisance of charges under POCSO merely because​​ Rishiteswari died as an adult and had failed to report the matter while she was a minor. The charges were subsequently rejected by the fast track court and revision was filed in the high court. Justice Cheekati Manavendranath​​ Roy termed this act of dismissing charges under​​ POCSO as “non-application of mind” by the Special Court judge, utter disregard of the provisions and “defeating the object of the law”.​​ A lower court is a most crucial stage in judiciary. It sets the law in motion by creating a base for the case to build itself. The need for qualified and learned lawyers and judges is the most at this stage of trial. But it appears as if the whole system is arranged upside down. Today, practicing in lower courts is regarded as less dignified. Yet, until the foundation is strong enough, we can never hope to build a robust structure to achieve justice.​​ Extracted with edits from​​ https://thewire.in/law/lower-courts-judiciary-pocso-children-cases​​  by​​ The​​ Wire,​​ July​​ 2020​​ ​​ ​​  ​​​​  ​​​​ 1.​​ The given passage​​ indicates that-​​ (a)​​ appellate courts​​ are higher in hierarchy than subordinate courts​​ ​​ (b)​​ appellate courts are lower in hierarchy than subordinate courts​​ ​​ ​​ (c)​​ appellate courts are at par with subordinate courts in hierarchy​​ ​​ ​​ (d) None of the above​​ ​​  2.​​ In relation to subordinate courts, the given passage highlights the following problems-​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​  ​​​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ (a)​​ low rate of disposal of cases​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ (b)​​ disposal of cases in improper manner​​ ​​ (c)​​ only (a)​​ ​​ (d) both (a) and (b)​​ ​​  3.​​ The given passage suggests that ordinarily, sessions courts do not have power to take cognizance of cases upon filing of police reports. This inference is-​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ (a)​​ Correct​​ (b)​​ Incorrect​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ (c)​​ Partly Correct​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ (d)​​ None​​ of the above​​ ​​  4.​​ Based on the given passage, it can be inferred that in the Rishiteswari case, the offence took place in the State of-​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ (a)​​ Uttar Pradesh(b)​​ Andhra Pradesh(c)​​ Madhya Pradesh(d)​​ Can’t say​​  5.​​ From beginning to the end, the stages of trial which the Rishiteswari case went through are-​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ (a)​​ POCSO court  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ High Court  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ Fast track court(b)​​ Fast track court  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ POCSO Court  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ High Court​​ (c)​​ POCSO court  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ Fast track court  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ High Court​​ (d)​​ Fast track court  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ High Court  ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​​​ POCSO Court​​  Passage II​​ The key provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, have come into force on July 20, 2020. The Act received the assent of the President of India and was published in the official gazette on August 09, 2019, which replaced the three decade old Consumer Protection Act, 1986.  The key change under the new Act is that the jurisdiction will now be determined on the basis of ‘value of goods or services paid as consideration’ by the consumer not as per the relief claimed. The threshold for pecuniary jurisdiction under the new Act of the commissions stand revised i.e. District Commission: Upto Rs 1 crore from Rs 20 lacs; State Commission: Rs 1 crore to Upto Rs 10 crore and National Commission: Above Rs 10 crore. The increase in the pecuniary jurisdiction will reduce the backlog of the Appellate forum and will prevent​​ frivolous complaints filed before the NCDRC directly bypassing​​ State and District forums. The Act comes with an added definition of ‘Unfair Contract’ which includes contracts between a manufacturer or trader or service provider on one hand, and a consumer on the other, having such terms which cause significant change in the rights of consumers. It includes any contractual terms which specify excessive security deposits (i.e. tenancy agreements), provide for unilateral termination (i.e. employment contracts) or assignment without consent of the other party etc.  The 1986 Act did not provide consumers with a single forum against such contracts. All cases relating to unfair contracts will be heard by the State and National Commission only. The Act empowered the State and National Commission to declare any terms of the contract, which is unfair to any consumer, to be null and void.  The Act keeps in mind the protection to buyers not only from traditional sellers but also from the new e-commerce platforms. The Act emphasises on speedier adjudication of complaints by allowing electronic filings and notices by an aggrieved consumer. There was no provision for e-filing under the 1986 Act.  The New Act also contains enabling provisions for consumers for hearing and/or examining parties through video-conferencing, which is aimed to provide procedural ease and reduce inconvenience and harassment for the consumers. Extracted with edits from:​​ https://thedailyguardian.com/the-consumer-protection-act-2019-an-overview/​​  by​​ The​​ Daily Guardian,​​ July​​ 2020​​ ​​ ​​  ​​​​  ​​​​ 1.​​ The given passage suggests that a law enacted by Indian parliament always comes into force on the date on which it is published in the Official gazette.​​ This inference is-​​ ​​ (a)​​ Correct​​ (b)​​ Incorrect​​ ​​ ​​ (c)​​ Partly correct​​ ​​ ​​ (d)​​ Can’t say​​ ​​  2.​​ According to the given passage,​​ there are ____ kinds of courts under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.​​ ​​ (a)​​ 1(b)​​ 2(c)​​ 3​​ ​​ (d)​​ Can’t say​​ ​​ ​​  3.​​ The​​ given passage​​ suggests that the Consumer Protection Act, 2020 has not come into force in its entirety. This inference is-​​  ​​​​ (a)​​ Correct​​ (b)​​ Incorrect​​ ​​ ​​ (c)​​ Partly Correct​​ ​​ (d)​​ Can’t Say​​ ​​  4.​​ The term “traditional sellers” used in the passage refers to-​​ (a)​​ persons selling their products offline​​ (b) persons selling their products online through Amazon, Flipkart etc.(c)​​ both (a) and (b)​​ (d)​​ neither (a) nor (b)​​  5.​​ It can be said that the Consumer Protection Act, 2020 favours digitization of​​ courts. This statement is-​​ (a)​​ True(b)​​ False​​ ​​ (c)​​ Partly True​​ (d)​​ Can’t say​​ ​​  Answer key with explanationsPassage IQuestion 1 - Option (a) is the correct answer.Explanation​​ –​​ The line “This, coupled with the relatively lower rate of disposal of cases in subordinate courts, as compared to appellate courts, compels us to ponder upon efficiency of the lower judiciary” indicates that option (a) is correct.​​  Question 2 - Option (d) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation​​ –​​ A reading of the first two paragraphs of the given passage indicates that option (d) is correct.​​ ​​  Question 3 - Option​​ (a) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation​​ –​​ The​​ line “Though these courts are equivalent to Sessions Courts for some purposes, they have also been conferred power to take cognisance of such cases upon filing of police reports” indicates that option (a) is correct.​​ ​​  Question 4 – Option (b) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation​​ –​​ The passage states that the provisions of the​​ Andhra Pradesh Prohibition of Ragging Act were invoked in this case​​ hence it can be presumed that the offence took place in Andhra Pradesh.​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​  Question 5​​ –​​ Option (c) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation –​​ A reading of the fifth​​ paragraph of the given passage indicates that option (c) is correct.​​  Passage IIQuestion 1 - Option (b) is the correct answer.Explanation​​ –​​ The passage states that the Consumer Protection Act, 2020 came into force on July 20, 2020​​ but was published in the official gazette on​​ August 9, 2019 hence option (b) is correct. ​​  Question 2 - Option​​ (c) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation​​ –​​ The passage states that there are 3 kinds of courts i.e. District Commission, State Commission and National Commission.​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​  Question 3 - Option (a) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation​​ –​​ The passage states that only the key provisions of Consumer Protection Act have come into force till date hence option (a) is correct. Question 4 – Option (a) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation –​​ The​​ line “but also from the new e-commerce platforms” indicates that​​ traditional sellers include only offline sellers.​​  Question 5​​ –​​ Option (a) is the correct answer.​​ Explanation​​ –​​ The​​ passage states that the Consumer Protection Act, 2020 permits e-filing of cases and hearing of cases through video conferencing hence option (a) is correct.​​  (function( $ ) { //footnotes $('.defaultNote').children(":first").css('cursor', 'pointer'); 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